tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1248208532110135252024-03-20T01:58:37.252-07:00icha luthunaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-15051017731071294192014-01-07T03:43:00.001-08:002014-01-07T03:43:40.570-08:00MASALAH KONTRASEPSI PRIA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertumbuhan penduduk yang sangat pesat terjadi di Negara asia,
amerika latin dan afrika yang merupakan Negara miskin. Banyak masalah yang
dihadapi sebagai dampak pertumbuhan penduduk yang tidak terkendali, antara lain
semakin meningkatnya kemiskinan yang akan berdampak terhadap masalah kesehatan.
Manusia sadar akan bahanyanya pertumbuhan penduduk yang tidak terkendali,
sehingga gagasan pelaksanaan keluarga berencana telah dipikirkan
(Manuaba,2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah penduduk dunia mencapai tujuh miliar hingga akhir tahun 2011.
Negara Indonesia berada diurutan ke 4 penduduk terbanyak di dunia setelah cina,
hindia dan amerika. Sensus penduduk Indonesia 2010 menunjukkan jumlah penduduk
Indonesia 237.641.326 jiwa. Untuk mengatasi terjadinya ledakan penduduk
tersebut maka pemerintah mencanangkan program keluarga berancana (KB) sejak
tahun 1957 (BKKBN,2011)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut
<i>World Health Organisation </i>(WHO) <i>Expert Committle 1970</i>, KB adalah
tindakan yang membantu individu atau pasangan suami istri untuk mendapatkan
objek-objek tertentu, menghindarkan kelahiran yang tidak diinginkan,
mendapatkan kelahiran yang memang diinginkan, mengatur interval di antara
kehamilan, mengontrol waktu saat kelahiran dalam hubungan dengan suami isteri,
menentukan jumlah anak dalam keluarga (Hartanto, 2004). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan
dari program KB adalah untuk memenuhi permintaan masyarakat akan pelayanan KB
dan kesehatan reproduksi yang berkualitas, termasuk dalam upaya menurunkan
angka kematian ibu, bayi dan anak serta penanggulangan masalah kesehatan
reproduksi dalam rangka membangun keluarga kecil yang berkualitas (BKKBN,
2005). Salah satu kegiatan operasional pelayanan KB yaitu dengan memberikan
pelayanan kontrasepsi dan pengayoman peserta KB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program KB mengutamakan arus
gender,data berbagai survey menunjukan bahwa prevalensi pengguna kontrasepsi
pria masih dibawah dua persen.meskipun rendahnya pengguna kontrasepsi berkaitan
pula dengan keterbatasan tehnik kontrasepsi yang tersedia bagi pria,angka ini
menunjukan bahwa kepedulian pria terhadap keluarga berencana masih rendah.mengingat
upaya pengarusutaan gender (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gender
mainstrenaming</i>) menjadi pendeketan umum pada setiap pembangunan nasional
dan global.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maka kesetaraan gender dalam
pengaturan kelahiran adalah menjadi cirri pembaharuan program KB (BKKBN, 2008).
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan rendahnya peserta KB pria disebabkan
oleh kondisi lingkungan sosial budaya, masyarakat dan keluarga yang masih
menganggap partisipasi pria belum atau tidak penting dilakukan serta pandangan
yang cenderung menyerahkan tanggung jawab pelaksanaan KB dan Kesehatan
Reproduksi sepenuhnya kepada para wanita. Pengetahuan dan kesadaraan Pasangan
Usia Subur (PUS) dan keluarga dalam KB pria rendah, keterbatasan jangkauan
(aksesibilitas) dan kualitas pelayanan KB pria, dukungan politis dan operasional
masih rendah disemua tingkatan, partisipasi pria dalam KB adalah tanggung jawab
pria dalam kesertaan ber KB, serta berprilaku seksual yang sehat dan aman bagi
dirinya (Suryono, 2008). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
masalah diatas, penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih jauh </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi rendahnya keikutsertaan suami menjadi akseptor kb</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan antara pengetahuan dan sikap suami dalam keluarga
berencana</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan motivasi suami terhadap keikutsertaan keluarga berencana
(kb)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hubungan antara persepsi dengan sikap suami dalam
keikutsertaan program keluarga berencana </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-70302479115079437662013-11-27T05:51:00.001-08:002013-11-27T05:51:49.189-08:00KEAJAIBAN SHOLAT<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MAKNA DI BALIK PERUBAHAN WARNA LANGIT </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KETIKA WAKTU SHOLAT TIBA</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span id="goog_2039242726"></span><span id="goog_2039242727"></span></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig475aAMafcLbieZ38P2Z6Dw48fD-WB1IYCmqvnVkP0CaHXf3tVuJBSHmkMb31zLRVPo6FXbeAWSVxZqnEwkdpB6wG15L56kU1q0iG1zTtguR81UiA28oeWrT0ylSbKbPYLB8UD2DiF2Y/s1600/Gambar+kartun+anak+berdoa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig475aAMafcLbieZ38P2Z6Dw48fD-WB1IYCmqvnVkP0CaHXf3tVuJBSHmkMb31zLRVPo6FXbeAWSVxZqnEwkdpB6wG15L56kU1q0iG1zTtguR81UiA28oeWrT0ylSbKbPYLB8UD2DiF2Y/s1600/Gambar+kartun+anak+berdoa.jpg" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu Sholat
Subuh</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Suka perhatiin ga, kalau waktu selepas subuh apalagi menjelang
siang, warna langit itu (kalau cerah) berwatna biru yang diselingi dengan merah
(orange) yang dihasilkan oleh sinar mentari yang mau terbit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam islam
tidur setelah subuh itu ga boleh gan karena akan ketinggalan rizki. Seperti
Sabda Rasulullah, : Ya Allah berikanlah berkah kepada umatku di pagi harinya
(HR. Abu Dawud no. 2606, Tirmidzi no. 1212, Ibnu Majah no. 2236, shahih
At-Targhiib waTarhiib no, 1693)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu,
mengapa kita tidak dibenarkan tidur selepas subuh adalah karena warna biru
mempertenagakan kelenjar tyroid. Bila kelenjar tyroid kita lemah seseorang itu
akan mengalami masalah kehausan sepanjang hari.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada Waktu
Subuh Alam berada dalam spektrum warna biru muda yang bersamaan dengan
frekuensi tiroid yang mempengaruhi sistem metabolisma tubuh. Jadi warna biru
muda atau waktu Subuh mempunyai rahasia yang berkaitan dengan rizki dan
komunikasi. Mereka yang kerap tertinggal waktu Subuhnya ataupun terlewat secara
berulang-ulang kali, lama kelamaan akan menghadapi masalah komunikasi dan
rizki.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ini karena
tenaga alam yaitu biru muda tidak dapat diserap oleh tiroid yang mesti berlaku
dalam keadaan roh dan jasad dalam keadaan tidur dalam arti kata lain lebih baik
terjaga daripada tidur. Disini juga dapat kita ambil hikmah untuk solat di awal
waktu.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bermulanya saat
azan Subuh, tenaga alam pada waktu itu berada pada tahap optimum. Tenaga inilah
yang akan diserap oleh tubuh melalui konsep resonansi pada waktu rukuk dan
sujud. Jadi mereka yang terlewat Subuhnya sebenar sudah mendapat tenaga yang
tidak optimum lagi.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="textexposedshow"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu Sholat Dzuhur</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketika ini
warna kuning mendominasi atmosfera. Mengurangi makan pada waktu kuning (siang
hari) ialah amalan yang terbaik untuk menjaga supaya pemikiran menjadi kreatif,
tajam, dan peka. Ini adalah mengapa kita amat digalakkan untuk melakukan puasa
sunah Senin dan Kamis untuk menggurangi beban kerja organ pencernaan.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Spektrum warna
pada waktu ini bersamaan dengan frekuensi perut dan hati yang berkaitan dengan
sistem pencernaan. Warna kuning ini mempunyai rahasia yang berkaitan dengan
keceriaan. Jadi mereka yang selalu ketinggalan atau terlewat Zuhurnya berulang-
ulang kali dalam hidupnya akan menghadapi masalah di perut dan hilang sifat
cerianya.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="textexposedshow"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu Sholat Ashar</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kemudian warna alam akan berubah
kepada warna orange, yaitu masuknya waktu Ashar di mana spektrum warna pada
waktu ini bersamaan dengan frekuensi prostat, uterus, ovarium dan testis yang
merangkumi sistem reproduktif.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rahasia warna
orange ialah kreativitas. Orang yang kerap tertinggal Asar akan hilang daya
kreativitasnya dan lebih malang lagi kalau di waktu Asar dipakai buat tidur.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="textexposedshow"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu Sholat Magrib</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menjelang waktu
Maghrib, alam berubah ke warna merah dan di waktu ini kita kerap dinasihatkan
oleh orang-orang tua agar tidak berada di luar rumah. Ini karena spektrum warna
pada waktu ini menghampiri frekuensi jin dan iblis (infra-red) dan ini bermakna
jin dan iblis pada waktu ini amat bertenaga kerana mereka beresonansi dengan
alam. Mereka yang sedang dalam perjalanan juga sebaiknya berhenti dahulu pada
waktu ini (solat Maghrib dulu ). Rahasia waktu Maghrib atau warna merah ialah
keyakinan, frekuensi otot, saraf dan tulang.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tahukah anda
bahwa warna merah yang dipancarkan oleh alam ketika itu mempunyai resonansi
yang sama dengan jin dan syaitan. Kita lebih baik untuk berada di dalam rumah
pada waktu magrib ini.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span class="textexposedshow"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu Sholat Isya</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apabila masuk
waktu Isya, alam berubah ke warna merah dan seterusnya memasuki fasa Kegelapan.
Waktu Isya ini menyimpan rahasia ketenteraman dan kedamaian dimana frekuensinya
bersamaan dengan sistem kawalan otak.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mereka yang
kerap ketinggalan Isyanya akan selalu berada dalam kegelisahan. Alam sekarang
berada dalam Kegelapan dan sebetulnya, inilah waktu tidur dalam Islam dimana
keseluruhan sistem tubuh berada dalam keadaan relax / istirahat.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subhanallah....</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semoga kita tetap Istiqamah menjalankan sholat 5 waktu. Aamiin</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-18027303042892921522013-11-24T08:15:00.001-08:002013-11-24T08:28:36.217-08:00Tips Menemukan dan Mengembangkan Potensi Diri<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: Forte; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">TIPS</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #943634; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;">MENEMUKAN </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4bacc6; font-family: Gigi; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent5;">DAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">MENGEMBANGKAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Curlz MT"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">“POTENSI DIRI”</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Curlz MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Jokerman; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">K</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">alau memang sekolah
formal gak 100% jadi jaminan untuk meraih cita-cita loe semua dan usaha apa
yang harus Qt lakukan supaya masa depan Qt bersinar terang from this
time.Jawabnya temukan potensi loe pada,trus nyarinya gimana dong….? Itu sih
soal gampang bin mudah,Nih…cara sukses mengaduk-aduk diri untuk menemuka
potensi diri.</span></b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\MULTIC~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Kenali diri loe, lihat lebih dekat kemampuan yang Qt miliki
dan pikirkan dengan cermat apa saja yang bisa Qt lakukan dengan kemampuan yang
Qt miliki,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\MULTIC~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Jadilah seorang detektif rajin-rajin deh Tanya ma temen
deket dan tenaga professional seperti psikolog and konselor dkk.buat mendeteksi
kelemahan dan kekurangan diri Qt,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\MULTIC~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Setelah terdeteksi,pelajari berbagai cara yang dapat
dilakukan untuk meminimalkan kelemahan and mengoptimalkan kelemahan dan
kekurangan loe-loe pada,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\MULTIC~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Banyak-banyak deh baca bku-buku yang bertemakan “penggalian
potensi diri for example QUANTUM LEARNING dari BOBBI DEPORTER,buku MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCE dari HOWARD GARDNER,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\MULTIC~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Jangan ragu untuk mencoba setiap peluang pengalaman yang
ada didepan mata.”Try all something who never try” Guys….selain tambah PD, Qt
akan makin mengenali kelebihan and kekurangan yang ada dalam diri Qt,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\MULTIC~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Jangan pernah ciut kalaupun gagal cz gagal bukan berarti
loe-loe semua gak punya potensi or kemampuan,bisa jadi karena Qt belum
mengoptimalisasikan potensi yang Qt miliki oleh karena itu lakukan evaluasi,</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:\Users\MULTIC~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ikutan gabung dalam berbagai kegiatan atau segala
aktivitas yang dapat mengembangkan potensi yang Qt miliki.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;">Kalo loe semua bisa ngelakuin hal-hal diatas dijamin deh
loe semua pada sukses and bisa mencapai apa yang loe pada cita-citakan cz untuk
idup didunia butuh perjuangan and tanpa perjuangan Qt sulit meraih segalanya.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #632423; font-family: "Brush Script MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 128;">“Kesuksesan tidak akan tercapai </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #632423; font-family: "Brush Script MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 128;">tanpa cucuran keringat dan air mata”</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: Forte; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: Forte; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>BY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: Forte; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themeshade: 128;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 9;"> </span>ICHA_
LUTHUNA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #5f497a; font-family: "Curlz MT"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent4; mso-themeshade: 191;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-79626701222456580322013-11-24T07:40:00.001-08:002013-11-24T07:40:23.650-08:007 MITOS TENTANG SEPUTAR KESEHATAN GIGI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gigi adalah bagian keras yang terdapat di dalam
mulut dari banyak vertebrata. … Fungsi utama dari gigi adalah untuk merobek dan
mengunyah makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gigi merupakan bagian awal sistem pencernaan
manusia. Gigi yang sehat akan membantu proses pencernaan lebih baik. Sayang,
tidak semua orang tahu cara merawat kesehatan gigi dengan benar. Sama banyaknya
dengan mitos seputar kesehatan gigi yang tidak dapat dibuktikan kebenarannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berikut 7 mitos tentang seputar kesehatan gigi
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tumbuh gigi menyebabkan bayi demam.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demam ialah
pertanda antibodi sedang bekerja melawan virus. Para ahli medis dan kesehatan
sepakat bahwa demam ialah mekanisme alami tubuh agar virus atau bakteri bisa
mati. Jika bayi demam saat tumbuh gigi, bisa jadi tubuh si bayi mengalami
infeksi. Sebab, faktanya ada bayi yang tidak demam sama sekali saat tumbuh
gigi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dokter gigi hanya dibutuhkan saat ada masalah
gigi.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam keadaan
gigi tampak baik-baik saja, dokter gigi wajib dikunjungi minimal dua kali
setahun. Perawatan rutin ini diperlukan untuk memastikan tidak ada gigi
berlubang yang bisa menjadi pintu masuknya kuman ataupun bakteri. Pembersihan
karang gigi juga sebaiknya dilakukan dua kali setahun agar tidak menjadi plak
yang bisa menjadi rumah berkembangnya bakteri dan kuman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak makan coklat menyebabkan gigi berlubang.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mitos seputar
kesehatan gigi yang satu ini tergolong banyak yang mengamini. Faktanya, gigi
tidak akan berlubang jika kebersihan gigi terjaga. Makan coklat hanya memperbesar
kemungkinan gigi berlubang apabila lupa membersihkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Obat kumur bisa menghilangkan bau mulut.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebetulnya,
obat kumur hanya efektif dalam waktu singkat, antara 30-1 jam setelah
pemakaian. Justru obat kumur berbahan dasar alkohol yang digunakan berlebihan
bisa menambah bau mulut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gigi atas yang dicabut bisa menyebabkan
kebutaan.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak pendapat
beredar di masyarakat awam bahwa mencabut gigi yang sakit bisa berpengaruh ke
syaraf. Terutama gigi bagian atas, disebutkan bisa menyebabkan kebutaan.
Faktanya, syaraf gigi dan mata berbeda. Rasa nyeri dan ngilu saat sakit gigi
yang terasa sampai ke pipi bahkan ke mata bukan pertanda syaraf gigi dan mata
berhubungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sariawan di mulut merupakan pertanda tubuh
kekurangan vitamin C.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kebanyakan kasus
sariawan terjadi karena gerakan sikat gigi yang terlalu keras dan menabrak
gusi. Sariawan juga disebut-sebut para ahli kesehatan sebagai pertanda sistem
imun tubuh yang memburuk, stres, kekurangan nutrisi atau efek dari obat-obatan
lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gigi berlubang yang tinggal akarnya saja bisa
dibiarkan.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pernyatan ini
merupakan mitos seputar kesehatan gigi yang berbahaya jika dipercaya. Karena
faktanya, pada kondisi gigi berlubang, lama-kelamaan gigi patah sedikit
demi sedikit dan tinggal menyisakan akarnya. Meski sudah tidak terasa lagi
sakit ataupun nyeri, akar gigi yang diabaikan ini mungkin saja terinfeksi dan
menjadi pintu masuk kuman berbahaya ke dalam tubuh.</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-27813251178758837252013-11-22T18:02:00.000-08:002013-11-22T18:02:33.819-08:00Hubungan antara persepsi dengan kesediaan suami dalam mengikuti program keluarga berencana<p style=" margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block;"> <a title="View Hubungan antara persepsi dengan kesediaan suami dalam mengikuti program keluarga berencana on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/186434682/Hubungan-antara-persepsi-dengan-kesediaan-suami-dalam-mengikuti-program-keluarga-berencana?secret_password=1qg5gb5d7hy9i95v8mi3" style="text-decoration: underline;" >Hubungan antara persepsi dengan kesediaan suami dalam mengikuti program keluarga berencana</a> by <a title="View Icha Luthuna's profile on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/iluthuna" style="text-decoration: underline;" >Icha Luthuna</a></p><iframe class="scribd_iframe_embed" src="//www.scribd.com/embeds/186434682/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-21xwcy62jqwtutenol7j&show_recommendations=true" data-auto-height="false" data-aspect-ratio="0.772922022279349" scrolling="no" id="doc_38068" width="100%" height="600" frameborder="0"></iframe><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/186434682/Hubungan-antara-persepsi-dengan-kesediaan-suami-dalam-mengikuti-program-keluarga-berencana?secret_password=1qg5gb5d7hy9i95v8mi3"></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-35955360484997393882013-09-02T02:00:00.000-07:002013-09-02T02:00:10.923-07:00CHOLESTASIS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXQPT5DGLd484j5DRqWaAMgqUx8gU6_B4qk_X4p0Ot9DhHl7d_LhjxIVhqPD-cHLGhWoPwsgu_E4HuQRhQ-lNhwjLE7rYNDtaMtT7_5Gh_FmzL3PXOTXFqfbXoPZpjbId1_lauf1dArOE/s1600/hh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXQPT5DGLd484j5DRqWaAMgqUx8gU6_B4qk_X4p0Ot9DhHl7d_LhjxIVhqPD-cHLGhWoPwsgu_E4HuQRhQ-lNhwjLE7rYNDtaMtT7_5Gh_FmzL3PXOTXFqfbXoPZpjbId1_lauf1dArOE/s320/hh.jpg" width="276" /></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CHOLESTASIS</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cholestasis
adalah kondisi yang terjadi akibat terhambatnya aliran empedu dari saluran
empedu ke intestinal.<span style="color: black;"> Kolestasis terjadi bila ada
hambatan aliran empedu dan bahan-bahan yang harus diekskresi hati (Nazer,
2010).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etiologi/Penyebab</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cholestasis dibagi menjadi 2 bagian:
intrahepatic cholestasis dan ekstrahepatic cholestasis. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada intrahepatic cholestasis terjadi akibat
gangguan pada sel hati yang terjadi akibat: infeksi bakteri yang
menimbulkan abses pada hati, biliary cirrhosis primer, virus hepatitis,
lymphoma, cholangitis sclerosing primer, infeksi tbc atau sepsis,
obat-obatan yang menginduksi cholestasis. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada extrahepatic cholestasis, disebabkan oleh tumor
saluran empedu, cista, striktur (penyempitan saluran empedu), pankreatitis
atau tumor pada pankreas, tekanan tumor atau massa sekitar organ,
cholangitis sklerosis primer. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batu empedu adalah salah satu
penyebab paling umum dari saluran empedu diblokir. Saluran empedu Diblokir
mungkin juga hasil dari infeksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patofisiologi<span style="color: black;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empedu adalah cairan yang disekresi hati
berwarna hijau kekuningan merupakan kombinasi produksi dari hepatosit dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kolangiosit</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Empedu mengandung asam empedu, kolesterol, phospholipid, toksin yang
terdetoksifikasi, elektrolit, protein, dan bilirubin terkonyugasi. Bagian utama
dari aliran empedu adalah sirkulasi enterohepatik dari asam empedu. Hepatosit
adalah sel epetelial dimana permukaan basolateralnya berhubungan dengan darah
portal sedang permukaan apikal (kanalikuler) berbatasan dengan empedu.
Hepatosit adalah epitel terpolarisasi berfungsi sebagai filter dan pompa
bioaktif memisahkan racun dari darah dengan cara metabolisme dan detoksifikasi
intraseluler. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> fungsi hati pada kolestasis </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
kolestasis </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berkepanjangan terjadi
kerusakan fungsional dan struktural: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
transpor hati </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
sekresi dari kanalikuli terganggu, terjadi inversi pada fungsi polaritas dari
hepatosit sehingga elminasi bahan seperti bilirubin terkonyugasi, asam empedu,
dan lemak kedalam empedu melalui plasma membran permukaan sinusoid terganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transformasi
dan konyugasi dari obat dan zat toksik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
kolestasis berkepanjangan efek detergen dari asam empedu akan menyebabkan
gangguan sitokrom P-450. Fungsi oksidasi, glukoronidasi, sulfasi dan konyugasi
akan terganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sintesis
protein </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sintesis
protein seperti alkali fosfatase dan GGT, akan meningkat sedang produksi serum
protein albumin-globulin akan menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metabolisme
asam empedu dan kolesterol </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar
asam empedu intraseluler meningkat beberapa kali, sintesis asam empedu dan
kolesterol akan terhambat karena asam empedu yang tinggi menghambat HMG-CoA
reduktase dan 7 alfa-hydroxylase menyebabkan penurunan asam empedu primer
sehingga menurunkan rasio trihidroksi/dihidroksi bile acid sehingga aktifitas
hidropopik dan detergenik akan meningkat. Kadar kolesterol darah tinggi tetapi
produksi di hati menurun karena degradasi dan eliminasi di usus menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
garis besar kolestasis dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolestasis
ekstrahepatik, obstruksi mekanis saluran empedu ekstrahepatik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
umum kelainan ini disebabkan lesi kongenital atau didapat. Merupakan kelainan
nekroinflamatori yang menyebabkan kerusakan dan akhirnya pembuntuan saluran
empedu ekstrahepatik, diikuti kerusakan saluran empedu intrahepatik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolestasis intrahepatik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saluran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Empedu digolongkan
dalam 2 bentuk, yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Paucity saluran
empedu </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Disgenesis saluran
empedu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh karena secara
embriologis saluran empedu intrahepatik (hepatoblas) berbeda asalnya dari
saluran empedu ekstrahepatik (foregut) maka kelainan saluran empedu dapat
mengenai hanya saluran intrahepatik atau hanya saluran ekstrahepatik saja.<sup>
</sup>Beberapa kelainan intrahepatik seperti ekstasia bilier dan hepatik
fibrosis kongenital, tidak mengenai saluran ekstrahepatik.<sup> </sup>Kelainan
yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus CMV, sklerosing kolangitis, Caroli’s disease
mengenai kedua bagian saluran intra dan ekstra-hepatik.Karena primer tidak
menyerang sel hati maka secara umum tidak disertai dengan gangguan fungsi
hepatoseluler. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran Klinis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran klinis
pada kolestasis pada umunya disebabkan karena keadaan-keadaan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terganggunya
aliran empedu masuk ke dalam usus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tinja akolis/hipokolis, urobilinogen dalam tinja menurun/negative,
malabsorbsi lemak dan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak, hipoprotrombinemia</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akumulasi
empedu dalam darah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikterus, gatal-gatal, hiperkolesterolemia</span></div>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan sel hepar karena menumpuknya komponen
empedu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akumulasi pigmen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi peradangan dan nekrosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
ekskresi (alkali fosfatase dan gama glutamil transpeptidase meningkat)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transaminase serum meningkat (ringan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan ekskresi sulfobromoftalein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan Fisik</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
umumnya gejala ikterik </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> neonatus baru akan
terlihat bila kadar bilirubin sekitar 7 mg/dl. Secara klinis mulai terlihat
pada bulan pertama. Warna kehijauan bila kadar bilirubin tinggi karena oksidasi
bilirubin menjadi biliverdin. Jaringan sklera mengandung banyak elastin yang
mempunyai afinitas tinggi terhadap bilirubin, sehingga pemeriksaan sklera lebih
sensitif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dikatakan
pembesaran hati apabila tepi hati lebih dari 3,5 cm dibawah arkus kota pada
garis midklavikula kanan. Pada perabaan hati yang keras, tepi yang tajam dan
permukaan noduler diperkirakan adanya fibrosis atau sirosis. Hati yang teraba
pada epigastrium mencerminkan sirosis atau lobus Riedel (pemanjangan lobus
kanan yang normal). Nyeri tekan pada palpasi hati diperkirakan adanya distensi
kapsul Glisson karena edema. Bila limpa membesar, satu dari beberapa penyebab
seperti hipertensi portal, penyakit storage, atau keganasan harus dicurigai.
Hepatomegali yang besar tanpa pembesaran organ lain dengan gangguan fungsi hati
yang minimal mungkin suatu fibrosis hepar kongenital. Perlu diperiksa adanya
penyakit ginjal polikistik. Asites menandakan adanya peningkatan tekanan vena
portal dan fungsi hati yang memburuk. Pada neonatus dengan infeksi kongenital,
didapatkan bersamaan dengan mikrosefali, korioretinitis, purpura, berat badan
rendah, dan gangguan organ lain (Arief, 2010)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tahap</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pertama dalam pendekatan diagnosa,
harus dibuktikan apakah ada kelainan hepatobilier </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tidak. Pemeriksaan yang perlu
dilakukan pada tahap ini adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hapusan darah tepi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilirubin dalam air seni</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterkobilinogen dalam air seni</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tes fungsi hepar yang standar:
Heymans vd Bergh, SGOT, SGPT, alkali fosfatase serta serum protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ada bukti
keterlibatan hepar maka dilakukan tahap berikutnya untuk membuktikan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelainan
intra/ekstrahepatal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencari
kemungkinan etiologi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengidentifikasi
kelainan yang dapat diperbaiki/diobati</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang dilakukan adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terhadap
infeksi/bahan toksik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terhadap
kemungkinan kelainan metabolik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencari data tentang keadaan saluran empedu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemeriksaan</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terhadap
infeksi yang penting adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus hepatotropik: HAV, HBV, non A non B, virus delta</span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TORCH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus lain: EBV, Coxsackie’s B,
varisela-zoster </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri: </span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terutama bila klinis mencurigakan
infeksi kuman leptospira, abses piogenik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parasit</span></u><u><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Toksoplasma,
amuba, leismania, penyakit hidatid, bahan toksik, terutama obat/makanan
hepatotoksik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
kelainan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">metabolik</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang penting:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Galaktosemia, fruktosemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tirosinosis: asam amino dalam air
seni</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fibrosis kistik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit Wilson</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Defisiensi alfa-1 antitripsin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data tentang
saluran empedu diperoleh melalui pemeriksaan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rose Bengal Excretion (RBE)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hida Scan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">USG</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biopsi hepar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dicurigai</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ada suatu
kelainan saluran empedu dilakukan pemeriksaan kolangiografi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengobatan
paling rasional untuk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kolestasis</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah
perbaikan aliran empedu ke dalam usus. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">prinsipnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ada beberapa hal pokok yang menjadi
pedoman dalam penatalaksanaannya, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedapat mungkin mengadakan perbaikan
terhadap adanya gangguan aliran empedu</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengobati
komplikasi yang telah terjadi akibat adanya kolestasis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memantau
sedapat mungkin untuk mencegah kemungkinan terjadinya keadaan fatal yang
dapat mengganggu proses regenerasi hepar</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
usaha-usaha yang dapat mencegah terjadinya gangguan pertumbuhan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedapat
mungkin menghindari segala bahan/keadaan yang dapat mengganggu/merusak
hepar</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam hal ini pengobatan dibagi </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 golongan besar, yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan
medis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbaikan aliran empedu: pemberian
fenobarbital dan kolestiramin, ursodioxy cholic acid (UDCA).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek gizi: lemak sebaiknya
diberikan dalam bentuk MCT (<i>medium chain triglyceride</i>) karena
malabsorbsi lemak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diberikan tambahan vitamin larut
lemak (A, D, E, dan K)</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan
bedah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuannya untuk mengadakan perbaikan langsung terhadap
kelainan saluran empedu yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operasi Kasai </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>hepatoportoenterostomy procedure</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diperlukan untuk mengalirkan empedu keluar dari hati, dengan
menyambungkan usus halus langsung dari hati untuk menggantikan saluran empedu
(lihat gambar di bawah). </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mencegah terjadinya komplikasi <i>cirrhosis</i>,
prosedur ini dianjurkan untuk dilakukan sesegera mungkin, diupayakan sebelum
anak berumur 90 hari. Perlu diketahui bahwa operasi Kasai bukanlah tatalaksana
definitif dari atresia biliaris, namun setidaknya tindakan ini dapat
memperbaiki prognosis anak dan memperlambat perjalanan menuju kerusakan hati
(Nezer, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KONSEP DASAR ASKEP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGKAJIAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkajian adalah langkah awal dalam proses
keperawatan secara menyeluruh. Pengkajian pasien post operatif meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sirkulasi
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
: Riwayat masalah jantung, edema pulmonal, penyakit vaskuler periferatau stasis
vaskuler (meningkatkan resiko pembentukan trombosis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Integritas
ego </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
: Perasaan camas, takut, marah, apatis. Factor-faktor stress multiple misalnya
financial, hubungan, gaya hidup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
: Tidak dapat istirahat, peningkatan ketegangan atau peka rangsanganstimulasi
simpasis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan
atau cairan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
: Insufisiensi pangkreas/ DM (Predisposisi untuk hihipeglikemia ketoasidosis)
malnutrisi(termasuk obesitas) membrane mukosa yang kering( pembatasan
pemasukan/prosedur puasa pra operasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernafasan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
: infeksi, kondisi yang kronis, merokok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keamanan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
: alergi/ sensitive terhadap obat, makanan, plester dan larutan defisiensi umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda
: munculnya proses infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSA
KEPERAWATAN </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola
nafas tidak efektif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b/d neuromuskuler,
ketidak seimbangan preseptual atau kognitif, peningkatan ekspasi paru obstruksi
trachea bronchea</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
proses piker b/d perubahan kimia misalnya menggunakan obat-obatan farmasi,
hipoksia, lingkungan terapiotik misalnya stimilasi sensorik yang berlebihan,
stress fisiologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan
volume cairan , resiko tinggi terhadap pembatasan pemasukan cairan tubuh secara
oral hilangnya cairan tubuh secara tidak normal, pengeluaran integritas
pembuluh darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri
akut b/d gangguan pada kulit, jaringan dan integritas otot, trauma muskuletal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI
DAN IMPLEMENTASI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Intervensi adalah rencana tindakan keperawatan yang
akan dilaksanakan untuk menaggulagi masalah sesuai dengan diagnose keperawatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implementasi adalah pengelolaan dari perwujudan dari
rencana keperawatan yang telah disusun pada tahap perencanaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DX
1</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan : Menetapkan pola nafas yang normal/ efektif
dan bebas tanda-tanda hipoksia lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria hasil : Tidak ada perubahan pada frekuensi
dan kedalaman pernafasan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertahankan
jalan udara pasien dengan memiringkan kepala hiperekstensi rahang aliran udara
fangial oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
mencegah obstruksi jalan nafas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Auskultasi
suara nafas. Dengarkan ada atau tidak adanya suara nafas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
kurangnya suara nafas adalah indikasi adanya obstruksi oleh mulut/lidah dan
dapat dibenahi dengan mengubah posisi ataupun penghisapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi
frekuensi dan kedalaman pernafasan, pemakaian otot bantu pernafasan, perluasan
rongga dada retraksi atau pernafasan cuping hidung, warna kulit dan aliran
darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letakkan
pasien pada posisi yang sesuai, tergantung pada kekuatan pernafasan dan jenis
pembedahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
elevasi kepala dan posisi miring akan mencegah terjadinya espirasi dan munta.
Posisi yang benar akan mendorong ventilasi pada lobus paru bagian bawah dan
menurunkan tekanan pada diafragma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DX 2</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
: meningkatkan tingkat kesadaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria
hasil : pasien mampu mengenal keterbatasan diri dan mencari sumber bantuan
sesuai dengan kebutuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientasikan
pasien secara terus mnerus setelah keluar dari pengaruh anastesi, nyatakan
bahwa operasi telah selesai dilakukan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
karena pasien telah mengkat kesadarannya maka dukungan akan menmbantu
menghilangkan ansietas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bicara
pada pasien dengan suara yang jelas dan normal tanpa membantah sadar penuh akan
apa yang diucapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
tidak dapa ditentukan pasien akan sadar penuh namun sensori pendengaran
mrupakan kemapuan yang pertama kali pulih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
sensasi / penggerakan ekstermitas dan batang tenggorokan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
pengembalian funsi setelah dilakukan blok saraf spinal /local yang bergantung
pada jenis / jumlah obat yang akan digunakan dan lamanya prosedur dilakukan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DX 3</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
: keseimbangan cairan tubuh adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria
hasil : tidak ada tanda –tanda dehidrasi (tanda-tanda vital stabil) kualitas
denyut nadi baik, turgor kulit normal, membrane mukosa lembab dan pengeluaran
urine yang sesuai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukur
dan catat pemasukan dan pengeluaran, Tanya ulang catatan operasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dokomentasi yang akurat akan membantu dalam
mengidentifikasi pengeluaran cairan/ kebutuhan penggantian dan pilihan-pilihan
yang membantu intervensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kaji
pengeluaran urinarius terutama untuk tipe operasi yang dilakukan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
impotensi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>takikardi, peningkatan
pernafasan mengindikasikan kekurangan cairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Letakkan
posisi pasien pada posisi yang sesuai tergantung pada kekurangan pernafasan dan
jenis pembedahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
elevasi kepala dan posisi miring akan mencegah terjadinya aspirasi dari muntah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DX 4</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
: pasien mengatakan bahwa rasa nyeri telah terkontrol atau hilang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria
hasil : pasien tampak rileks, dapat beristirahat atau tidur dan melakukan
pergerakan yang berarti sesuai toleransi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">INTERVENSI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi
rasa sakit secara regular. Catat karakterristik lokasi dan skla</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
sediakan mengenai informasi kebutuhan atau efektifitas intervensi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Catat
munculnya rasa cemas atau takut dan hubungkkan dengan lingkungan dan persiapkan
untuk prosedur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
perhatikan hal—hal yang tidak diketahui dan tau persiapkan in adekuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Observasi
efek analgetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
respirasi mungkin menurun pada pemberian narkotik dan mungkin enimbulkan
efek-efek analgetik dengan zat-zat anastesi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolaborasi
pemberian analgetik IV sesuai kebutuhan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/
analgetik IV akan dengan segera mencapai pusat rasa sakit. Menimbulkan
penghilang yang lebih efektif dengan obat dosis kecil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">EVALUASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi adalah stadium pada proses keperawatan
dimana taraf keberhasilan dalam mencapai tujuan keperawatan dimulai dan
kebutuhan untuk dimodifikasi, tujuan untuk intervensi keperawatan diterapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi yang diharapkan pada pasien post operatif
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menetapkan
pola nafas yang normal / efektif dan bebas dari sianosis atau tanda—tanda
hipoksia lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
tingkat kesadaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keseimbangan
cairan tubuh adekuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien
mengatakan bahea rasa nyeri telah terkontrol atau hilang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anonym. 2010 available at <a href="http://herodessolution.blogspot.com/2010/09/asuhan-%20keperawatan-anak-dengan.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://herodessolution.blogspot.com/2010/09/asuhan-
keperawatan-anak-dengan.html</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anonym. 2010. available at</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bileductdiseases.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bileductdiseases.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Diakses tanggal 8Januari 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anonym.2010.available http:
://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000215.htm(Diakses tanggal 8
januari 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arief, Sjamsul. 2010. <i>Deteksi dini kolestasis neonatal</i>.
Divisi Hepatologi Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FK UNAIR/RSU Dr Soetomo, Surabaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mansjoer A. et al, 2002. <i>Kapita Selekta Kedokteran</i>.
Jilid I, Ed.3. hal 510-512. J</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akarta: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media Aesculapius, FKUI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nazer, Hisham.
2010. <i>Cholestasis. </i>available at </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927624-overview"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927624-overview</span></a>
(Diakses tanggal 8 januari 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reksoprodjo S.
1995. <i>Ikterus dalam bedah</i>, Dalam Ahmadsyah I, Kumpulan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kuliah </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu Bedah, hal
71 – 77, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-76445204118768845112013-06-09T06:56:00.001-07:002013-06-09T06:56:29.848-07:00KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS PADA KEHAMILAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Defenisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Depkes RI (2002) dalam Program Perbaikan Gizi Makro
menyatakan bahwa Kurang Energi Kronis merupakan keadaan dimana ibu penderita
kekurangan makanan yang berlangsung menahun (kronis) yang mengakibatkan
timbulnya gangguan kesehatan pada ibu. KEK dapat terjadi pada wanita usia subur
(WUS) dan pada ibu hamil (bumil).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEK adalah penyebabnya dari ketidakseimbangan antara asupan
untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan dan pengeluaran energi (Departemen Gizi dan Kesmas
FKMUI, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istilah KEK atau kurang energi kronik merupakan istilah lain
dari Kurang Energi Protein (KEP) yang diperuntukkan untuk wanita yang kurus dan
lemak akibat kurang energi yang kronis. Definisi ini diperkenalkan oleh World
Health Organization (WHO).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan Energi Kronis (KEK) adalah keadaan dimana remaja
putri/wanita mengalami kekurangan gizi (kalori dan protein) yang berlangsung
lama atau menahun. Risiko Kekurangan Energi Kronis (KEK) adalah keadaan
dimana remaja putri/wanita mempunyai kecenderungan menderita KEK. Seseorang
dikatakan menderita risiko KEK bilamana LILA <23,5 cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etiologi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi KEK:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Sosial Ekonomi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendapatan Keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tingkat pendapatan dapat menentukan
pola makanan. Orang dengan tingkat ekonomi rendah biasanya akan membelanjakan
sebagian besar pendapatan untuk makan, sedangkan dengan tingkat ekonomi tinggi
akan berkurang belanja untuk makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendapatan merupakan faktor yang
paling menentukan kualitas dan kuantitas hidangan. Semakin banyak mempunyai
uang berarti semakin baik makanan yang diperoleh, dengan kata lain semakin
tinggi penghasilan, semakin besar pula persentase dari penghasilan tersebut
untuk membeli buah, sayuran dan beberapa jenis makanan lainnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan Ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar belakang pendidikan seseorang
merupakan salah satu unsur penting yang dapat mempengaruhi keadaan gizinya
karena dengan tingkat pendidikan tinggi diharapkan pengetahuan / informasi
tentang gizi yang dimiliki menjadi lebih baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Pola Konsumsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola makanan masyarakat Indonesia
pada umumnya mengandung sumber besi heme (hewani) yang rendah dan tinggi sumber
besi non heme (nabati), menu makanan juga banyak mengandung serat dan fitat
yang merupakan faktor penghambat penyerapan besi (Departemen Gizi dan Kesmas
FKMUI, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Perilaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebiasaan dan pandangan wanita
terhadap makanan, pada umumnya wanita lebih memberikan perhatian khusus pada
kepala keluarga dan anak-anaknya. Ibu hamil harus mengkonsumsi kalori paling
sedikit 3000 kalori / hari Jika ibu tidak punya kebiasaan buruk seperti
merokok, pecandu dsb, maka status gizi bayi yang kelak dilahirkannya juga baik
dan sebaliknya (Arisman, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Biologis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia Ibu Hamil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melahirkan anak pada usia ibu yang
muda atau terlalu tua mengakibatkan kualitas janin/anak yang rendah dan juga
akan merugikan kesehatan ibu (Baliwati, 2004: 3). Karena pada ibu yang terlalu
muda (kurang dari 20 tahun) dapat terjadi kompetisi makanan antara janin dan
ibunya sendiri yang masih dalam masa pertumbuhan dan adanya perubahan hormonal
yang terjadi selama kehamilan (Soetjiningsih, 1995: 96). Sehingga usia yang
paling baik adalah lebih dari 20 tahun dan kurang dari 35 tahun, sehingga
diharapkan status gizi ibu hamil akan lebih baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarak Kehamilan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibu dikatakan terlalu sering
melahirkan bila jaraknya kurang dari 2 tahun. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
apabila keluarga dapat mengatur jarak antara kelahiran anaknya lebih dari 2
tahun maka anak akan memiliki probabilitas hidup lebih tinggi dan kondisi
anaknya lebih sehat dibanding anak dengan jarak kelahiran dibawah 2 tahun.
(Aguswilopo, 2004 : 5).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarak melahirkan yang terlalu dekat
akan menyebabkan kualitas janin/anak yang rendah dan juga akan merugikan
kesehatan ibu. Ibu tidak memperoleh kesempatan untuk memperbaiki tubuhnya
sendiri (ibu memerlukan energi yang cukup untuk memulihkan keadaan setelah
melahirkan anaknya). Dengan mengandung kembali maka akan menimbulkan masalah
gizi ibu dan janin/bayi berikut yang dikandung. (Baliwati, 2004 : 3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paritas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paritas adalah seorang wanita yang
pernah melahirkan bayi yang dapat hidup (viable). (Mochtar, 1998). Paritas
diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Primipara adalah seorang wanita yang
telah pernah melahirkan satu kali dengan janin yang telah mencapai batas
viabilitas, tanpa mengingat janinnya hidup atau mati pada waktu lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Multipara adalah seorang wanita yang
telah mengalami dua atau lebih kehamilan yang berakhir pada saat janin telah
mencapai batas viabilitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grande multipara adalah seorang
wanita yang telah mengalami lima atau lebih kehamilan yang berakhir pada saat
janin telah mencapai batas viabilitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kehamilan dengan jarak pendek dengan
kehamilan sebelumnya kurang dari 2 tahun / kehamilan yang terlalu sering dapat
menyebabkan gizi kurang karena dapat menguras cadangan zat gizi tubuh serta
organ reproduksi belum kembali sempurna seperti sebelum masa kehamilan
(Departemen Gizi dan Kesmas FKMUI, 2007).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berat Badan Selama Hamil .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berat badan yang lebih ataupun
kurang dari pada berat badan rata-rata untuk umur tertentu merupakan faktor
untuk menentukan jumlah zat makanan yang harus diberikan agar kehamilannya
berjalan dengan lancar. Di Negara maju pertambahan berat badan selama hamil
sekitar 12-14 kg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika ibu kekurangan gizi
pertambahannya hanya 7-8 kg dengan akibat akan melahirkan bayi dengan berat
lahir rendah ( Erna, dkk, 2004 ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertambahan berat badan selama
hamil sekitar 10 – 12 kg, dimana pada trimester I pertambahan kurang dari 1 kg,
trimester II sekitar 3 kg, dan trimester III sekitar 6 kg. Pertambahan berat
badan ini juga sekaligus bertujuan memantau pertumbuhan janin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanda dan gejala</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkar lengan atas sebelah kiri
kurang dari 23,5 cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang cekatan dalam bekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sering terlihat lemah, letih, lesu,
dan lunglai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika hamil cenderung akan melahirkan
anak secara prematur atau jika lahir secara normal bayi yang dilahirkan
biasanya berat badan lahirnya rendah atau kurang dari 2.500 gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak yang ditimbulkan</span></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gizi kurang pada ibu hamil dapat
menyebabkan resiko dan komplikasi pada ibu antara lain: Anemia, perdarahan,
berat badan ibu tidak bertambah secara normal dan terkena penyakit infeksi.
Sehingga akan meningkatkan kematian ibu (Zulhaida, 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persalinan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh gizi kurang terhadap proses
persalinan dapat mengakibatkan persalinan sulit dan lama, persalinan prematur /
sebelum waktunya, perdarahan post partum, serta persalinan dengan tindakan
operasi cesar cenderung meningkat (Zulhaida, 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Janin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang gizi pada ibu hamil dapat
mempengaruhi proses pertumbuhan janin dan dapat menimbulkan keguguran, abortus,
bayi lahir mati, kematian neonatal, cacat bawaan, asfiksia intra partum, lahir
dengan berat badan rendah (BBLR) (Zulhaida, 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran Status Gizi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat dilakukan melalui empat cara
yaitu secara klinis, biokimia, biofisik, dan antropometri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian secara klinis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian status gizi secara klinis
sangat penting sebagai langkah pertama dalam mengetahui keadaan gizi penduduk.
Karena hasil penilaian dapat memberikan gambaran masalah gizi yang nampak
nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian secara biokimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian status gizi secara
biokimia di lapangan banyak menghadapi masalah. Salah satu ukuran yang sangat
sederhana dan sering digunakan adalah pemeriksaan haemoglobin sebagai indeks
dari anemia gizi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian secara biofisik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan fisik dilakukan untuk
melihat tanda dan gejala kurang gizi. Dilakukan oleh dokter atau petugas
kesehatan atau yang berpengalaman dengan memperhatikan rambut, mata, lidah,
tegangan otot dan bagian tubuh lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penilaian secara antropometri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudah menjadi pengetahuan umum bahwa
ukuran fisik seseorang sangat erat berhubungan dengan status gizi. Atas
dasar-dasar ini ukuran-ukuran antropometri diakui sebagai indeks yang baik dan
dapat diandalkan bagi penentuan status gizi untuk negara-negara berkembang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mengetahui status gizi ibu
hamil digunakan pengukuran secara langsung dengan menggunakan penilaian
antropometri yaitu: Lingkar Lengan Atas. Pengukuran lingkar lengan atas adalah
suatu cara untuk mengetahui risiko KEK wanita usia subur (Supariasa, 2002 :
48). Wanita usia subur adalah wanita dengan usia 15 sampai dengan 45 tahun yang
meliputi remaja, ibu hamil, ibu menyusui dan pasangan usia subur (PUS).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ambang batas lingkar Lengan Atas
(LILA) pada WUS dengan risiko KEK adalah 23,5 cm, yang diukur dengan
menggunakan pita ukur. Apabila LILA kurang dari 23,5 cm artinya wanita tersebut
mempunyai risiko KEK dan sebaliknya apabila LILA lebih dari 23,5 cm berarti
wanita itu tidak berisiko dan dianjurkan untuk tetap mempertahankan keadaan
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran dilakukan di bagian
tengah antara bahu dan siku lengan kiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lengan harus dalam posisi bebas,
lengan baju dan otot lengan dalam keadaan tidak tegang atau kencang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat pengukur dalam keadaan baik
dalam arti tidak kusut atau sudah dilipat-lipat, sehingga permukaannya sudah
tidak rata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upaya Penanggulangan Yang Dilakukan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KIE mengenai KEK dan faktor yang
mempengaruhinya serta bagaimana menanggulanginya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PMT Bumil diharapkan agar diberikan
kepada semua ibu hamil yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi KEK pada ibu hamil harus
segera di tindak lanjuti sebelum usia kehamilan mencapai 16 minggu. Pemberian
makanan tambahan yang Tinggi Kalori dan Tinggi Protein dan dipadukan dengan
penerapan Porsi Kecil tapi Sering, pada faktanya memang berhasil menekan angka
kejadian BBLR di Indonesia. Penambahan 200 – 450 Kalori dan 12 – 20 gram
protein dari kebutuhan ibu adalah angka yang mencukupi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
gizi janin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsumsi tablet Fe selama hamil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan bumil terhadap energi,
vitamin maupun mineral meningkat sesuai dengan perubahan fisiologis ibu
terutama pada akhir trimester kedua dimana terjadi proses hemodelusi yang
menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan volume darah dan mempengaruhi konsentrasi
hemoglobin darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada keadaan normal hal tersebut
dapat diatasi dengan pemberian tablet besi, akan tetapi pada keadaan gizi
kurang bukan saja membutuhkan suplemen energi juga membutuhkan suplemen vitamin
dan zat besi. Keperluan yang meningkat pada masa kehamilan, rendahnya asupan
protein hewani serta tingginya konsumsi serat / kandungan fitat dari
tumbuh-tumbuhan serta protein nabati merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab
terjadinya anemia besi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencegahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat sehingga mereka mampu
memenuhi kebutuhan dasar mereka, terutama dalam mencukupi kebutuhan akan
makanan bergizi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan pengertian bagi mereka dengan profesi yang
menuntut memiliki tubuh kurus tentang bahaya tubuh yang terlalu kurus apalagi
jika mereka menguruskan badan dengan cara tidak lazim, seperti anoreksia atau
bulimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Mengatasi Resiko KEK</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Mengetahui Risiko Kekurangan Energi Kronis (Kek) Dengan
Menggunakan Pengukuran Lila : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran Lingkar Lengan Atas (LILA)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LILA adalah suatu cara untuk mengetahui risiko Kekurangan
Energi Kronis (KEK) wanita usia subur termasuk remaja putri. Pengukuran LILA
tidak dapat digunakan untuk memantau perubahan status gizi dalam jangka pendek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran dilakukan dengan pita LILA dan ditandai dengan
sentimeter, dengan batas ambang 23,5 cm (batas antara merah dan putih).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila tidak tersedia pita LILA dapat digunakan pita
sentimeter/metlin yang biasa dipakai penjahit pakaian. Apabila ukuran LILA
kurang dari 23,5 cm atau di bagian merah pita LILA, artinya remaja putri
mempunyai risiko KEK.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila remaja putri menderita risiko KEK segera dirujuk ke
puskesmas/sarana kesehatan lain untuk mengetahui apakah remaja putri tersebut
menderita KEK dengan mengukur IMT. Selain itu remaja putri tersebut harus
meningkatkan konsumsi makanan yang beraneka ragam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deteksi dini Kurang Energi Kronis
(KEK)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilakukan setiap tahun dengan
mengukur Lingkar Lengan Kiri Atas (LILA) dengan memakai pita LILA.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Remaja Putri/Wanita yang
LILA-nya <23,5 cm berarti menderita Risiko Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK), yang
harus dirujuk ke Puskesmas/ sarana pelayanan kesehatan lain, untuk mendapatkan
konseling dan pengobatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran LILA dapat dilakukan oleh
Remaja Putri atau wanita itu sendiri, kader atau pendidik. Selanjutnya konseling
dapat dilakukan oleh petugas gizi di Puskesmas (Pojok Gizi), sarana kesehatan
lain atau petugas kesehatan/gizi yang datang ke sekolah, pesantren dan tempat
kerja.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-22843936818023437942013-01-17T16:56:00.001-08:002013-01-17T16:56:23.220-08:00PEMBINAAN KADER<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Kader</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kader
kesehatan masyarakat adalah laki-laki atau wanita yang dipilih oleh masyarakat
dan dilatih untuk menangani masalah-masalah kesehatan perseorangan maupun
masyarakat untuk berkerja dalam hubungan yang amat dekat dengan tempat-tempat
pemberian pelayanan kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kader
merupakan tenaga masyarakat yang dianggap paling dekat dengan masyarakat
departemen kesehatan membuat kebijakan mengenai latihan untuk kader yang
dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan
anak. Para kader kesehatan masyarakat itu seyogyanya memiliki latar belakang
pendidikan yang cukup sehingga memungkinkan mereka untuk membaca, menulis dan
menghitung secara sedarhana.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kader
kesehatan masyarakat bertanggung jawab atas masyarakat setempat serta pimpinan
yang ditujuk oleh pusat-pusat pelayanan kesehatan. Diharapkan mereka dapat
melaksanakan petunjuk yang diberikan oleh para pembimbing dalam jalinan kerja
dari sebuah tim kesehatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para
kader kesehatan masyarakat untuk mungkin saja berkerja secara fullteng atau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>partime dalam bidang pelayanan kesehatan dan
mereka tidak dibayar dengan uang atau bentuk lainnya oleh masyarakat setempat
atau oleh puskesmas. Namun ada juga kader kesehatan yang disediakan sebuah
rumah atau sebuah kamar serta beberapa peralatan secukupnya oleh masyarakat
setempat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
Fungsi Kader</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peran
dan fungsi kader sebagai pelaku penggerakan masyarakat:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erilaku hidup bersih
dan sehat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engamatan terhadap
masalah kesehatan didesa</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">U</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">paya penyehatan dilingkungan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eningkatan kesehatan
ibu, bayi dan balita</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ermasyarakatan keluarga
sadar gizi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kader
di tunjukan oleh masyarakat dan biasanya kader melaksanakan tugas-tugas kader
kesehatan masyarakat yang secara umum hampir sama tugasnya dibeberapa Negara yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertolongan
pertama pada kecelakaan dan penanganan penyakit yang ringan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elaksanakan pengobatan
yang sederhana</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberian motivasi dan
saran-saran pada ibu-ibu sebelum dan sesudah melahirkan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menolong
persalinan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberian motivasi dan
saran-saran tentang perawatan anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberikan motivasi dan
peragaan tentang gizi </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rogram penimbangan
balita dan pemberian makanan tambahan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberian motivasi
tentang imunisasi dan bantuan pengobatan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elakukan penyuntikan
imunisasi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberian motivasi KB</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">embagikan alat-alat KB.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberian motivasi
tentang sanitasi lingkungan,kesehatan perorangan dan kebiasaan sehat secara
umum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberian motivasi
tentang penyakit menular,pencegahan dan perujukan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emberian motivasi
tentangperlunya fall up pada penyakit menular dan perlunya memastikan diagnosis.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enenganan penyakit
menular.membantu kegiatan di klinik.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">erujuk penderita
kepuskesmas atau ke RS</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">embina kegiatan UKS
secara teratur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engumpulkan data yang
dibutuhkan oleh puskesmas membantu pencatatan dan pelaporan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan
Kader</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
pembentukan kader membutuhkan kerjasama tim. Hal ini disebabkan karena kader
yang akan dibentuk terlebih dahulu harus diberikan pelatihan kader. Pelatihan
kader ini diberikan kepada para calon kader didesa yang telah ditetapkan.
Sebelumnya telah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dilaksanakan
kegiatan persiapan tingkat desa berupa pertemuan desa, pengamatan dan adanya
keputusan bersama untuk terlaksanakan acara tersebut. Calon kader berdasarkan
kemampuan dan kemauan berjumlah 4-5 orang untuk tiap posyandu. Persiapan dari
pelatihan kader ini adalah:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">C</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">alon
kader yang kan dilatih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">W</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aktu
pelatihan sesuai kesepakatan bersama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">empat
pelatihan yang bersih, terang, segar dan cukup luas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">danya
perlengkapan yang memadai</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">endanaan
yang cukup</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">danya
tempat praktik ( lahan praktik bagi kader )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tim
pelatihan kader melibatkan dari beberapa sector. Camat otomatis bertanggung
jawab terhadap pelatihan ini, namun secara teknis oleh kepala puskesmas.
Pelaksanaan harian pelatihan ini adalah staf puskesmas yang mampu melaksanakan.
Adapun pelatihannya adalah tanaga kesehatan, petugas KB (PLKB), pertanian,
agama, pkk, dan sector lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu
pelatihan ini membutuhkan 32 jam atau disesuaikan. Metode yang digunakan adalah
ceramah, diskusi, simulasi, demonstrasi, pemainan peran, penugasan, dan praktik
lapangan. Jenis materi yang disampaikan adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">engantar
tentang posyandu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ersiapan
posyandu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">esehatan
ibu dan anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">eluarga
berencana</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">munisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">izi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enangulangan
diare</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">encatatan
dan pelaporan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Strategi
menjaga Eksistensi Kader</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
kader posyandu terbentuk, maka perlu ada nya strategi agar mereka dapat selalu
eksis membantu masyarakat dibidang kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">R</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">efresing
kader posyandu pada saat posyandu telah selesai dilaksanakan oleh bidan desa
maupun petugas lintas sector yang mengikuti kegiatan posyandu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">danya perubahan kader
posyandu tiap desa dan dilaksanakan pertemuan rutin tiap bulan secara bergilir
disetiap posyandu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">R</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">evitalisasi kader
posyandu baik tingkat desa maupun kecamatan. Dimana semua kader di undang dan
diberikan penyegaran materi serta hiburan dan bisa juga diberikan rewards.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberian
rewards rutin misalnya berupa kartu berobat gratis kepuskes untuk kader dan
keluarganya dan juga dalam bentuk materi yang lain yang diberikan setiap tahun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Para
kader kesehatan yang bekerja dipedesaan membutuhkan pembinaan atau pelatihan dalam
rangka menghadapi tugas-tugas mereka, masalah yang dihadapinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembinaan
atau pelatihan tersebut dapat berlangsung selama 6-8 minggu atau bahkan lebih
lama lagi. Salah satu tugas bidan dalam upaya menggerakkan peran serta
masyarakat adalah melaksanakan pembinaan kader.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
hal-hal yang perlu disampaikan dalam pembinaan kader adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemberitahuan
ibu hamil untuk bersalin ditenaga kesehatan ( promosi bidan siaga)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengenalan tanda bahaya
kehamilan, persalinan dan nifas serta rujukannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyuluhan gzi dan
keluarga berencana</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencatatan kelahiran
dan kematian bayi atau ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Promosi
tabulin, donor darah berjalan,ambulan desa,suami siaga,satgas gerakan say</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ng ibu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembinaan
kader yang dilakukan bidan didalamnya berisi tentang peran kader adalah dalam
daur kehidupan wanita dari mulai kehamilan sampai dengan masa perawatan bayi.
Adapun hal-hal yang perlu disampaikan dalam persiapan persalinan adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak
awal, ibu hamil dan suami menentukan persalinan ini ditolong oleh bidan atau
dokter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suami
atau keluarga perlu menabung untuk biaya persalinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu
dan suami menanyakan kebidan atau kedokter kapan perkiraan tanggal persalinan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
ibu bersalin dirumah, suami atau keluarga perlu menyiapkan terang, tempat tidur
dengan alas kain yang bersih, air bersih dan sabun untuk cuci tangan, handuk
kain, pakaian kain yang bersih dan kering dan pakaian ganti ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembinaan
kader yang dilakukan bidan yang berisi tentang peran kader dalam deteksi dini
tanda bahaya dalam kehamilan maupun hal-hal berikut ini.<br />
Perdarahan ( hamil muda dan hamil tua)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bengkan
dikaki, tangan, wajah, atau sakit kepala kadang disertai kejang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam
tinggi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keluar
air ketuban sebeleum waktunya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi
dalam kandungan gerakannya berkurang atau tidak bergerak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ibu
muntah terus dan tidak mau makan</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-15509580577314700132012-12-31T06:14:00.001-08:002012-12-31T06:44:11.246-08:00CHOLESTASIS<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cholestasis
adalah kondisi yang terjadi akibat terhambatnya aliran empedu dari saluran
empedu ke intestinal.<span style="color: black;"> Kolestasis terjadi bila ada
hambatan aliran empedu dan bahan-bahan yang harus diekskresi hati (Nazer,
2010).</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etiologi/Penyebab</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab</span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cholestasis dibagi menjadi 2 bagian:
intrahepatic cholestasis dan </span></div>
ekstrahepatic cholestasis. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada intrahepatic cholestasis terjadi akibat
gangguan pada sel hati yang terjadi akibat: infeksi bakteri yang
menimbulkan abses pada hati, biliary cirrhosis primer, virus hepatitis,
lymphoma, cholangitis sclerosing primer, infeksi tbc atau sepsis,
obat-obatan yang menginduksi cholestasis. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada extrahepatic cholestasis, disebabkan oleh tumor
saluran empedu, cista, striktur (penyempitan saluran empedu), pankreatitis
atau tumor pada pankreas, tekanan tumor atau massa sekitar organ,
cholangitis sklerosis primer. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batu empedu adalah salah satu
penyebab paling umum dari saluran empedu diblokir. Saluran empedu Diblokir
mungkin juga hasil dari infeksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patofisiologi<span style="color: black;">
</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 127.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empedu adalah cairan yang disekresi hati
berwarna hijau kekuningan merupakan kombinasi produksi dari hepatosit dan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kolangiosit</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Empedu mengandung asam empedu, kolesterol, phospholipid, toksin yang
terdetoksifikasi, elektrolit, protein, dan bilirubin terkonyugasi. Bagian utama
dari aliran empedu adalah sirkulasi enterohepatik dari asam empedu. Hepatosit
adalah sel epetelial dimana permukaan basolateralnya berhubungan dengan darah
portal sedang permukaan apikal (kanalikuler) berbatasan dengan </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">empedu.
Hepatosit adalah epitel terpolarisasi berfungsi sebagai filter dan pompa
bioaktif memisahkan racun dari darah dengan cara metabolisme dan detoksifikasi
intraseluler. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
fungsi hati pada kolestasis </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
kolestasis </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berkepanjangan terjadi
kerusakan fungsional dan struktural: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses transpor hati </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
sekresi dari kanalikuli terganggu, terjadi inversi pada fungsi polaritas dari
hepatosit sehingga elminasi bahan seperti bilirubin terkonyugasi, asam empedu,
dan lemak kedalam empedu melalui plasma membran permukaan sinusoid terganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transformasi dan konyugasi
dari obat dan zat toksik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
kolestasis berkepanjangan efek detergen dari asam empedu akan menyebabkan
gangguan sitokrom P-450. Fungsi oksidasi, glukoronidasi, sulfasi dan konyugasi
akan terganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sintesis protein </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sintesis
protein seperti alkali fosfatase dan GGT, akan meningkat sedang produksi serum
protein albumin-globulin akan menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metabolisme asam empedu dan
kolesterol </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar
asam empedu intraseluler meningkat beberapa kali, sintesis asam empedu dan
kolesterol akan terhambat karena asam empedu yang tinggi menghambat HMG-CoA
reduktase dan 7 alfa-hydroxylase menyebabkan penurunan asam empedu primer
sehingga menurunkan rasio trihidroksi/dihidroksi bile acid sehingga aktifitas
hidropopik dan detergenik akan meningkat. Kadar kolesterol darah tinggi tetapi
produksi di hati menurun karena degradasi dan eliminasi di usus menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Klasifikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
garis besar kolestasis dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolestasis ekstrahepatik,
obstruksi mekanis saluran empedu ekstrahepatik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
umum kelainan ini disebabkan lesi kongenital atau didapat. Merupakan kelainan
nekroinflamatori yang menyebabkan kerusakan dan akhirnya pembuntuan saluran
empedu ekstrahepatik, diikuti kerusakan saluran empedu intrahepatik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolestasis intrahepatik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saluran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Empedu digolongkan
dalam 2 bentuk, yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(a) Paucity saluran
empedu </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(b) Disgenesis saluran
empedu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh karena secara
embriologis saluran empedu intrahepatik (hepatoblas) berbeda asalnya dari
saluran empedu ekstrahepatik (foregut) maka kelainan saluran empedu dapat
mengenai hanya saluran intrahepatik atau hanya saluran ekstrahepatik saja.<sup>
</sup>Beberapa kelainan intrahepatik seperti ekstasia bilier dan hepatik
fibrosis kongenital, tidak mengenai saluran ekstrahepatik.<sup> </sup>Kelainan
yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus CMV, sklerosing kolangitis, Caroli’s disease
mengenai kedua bagian saluran intra dan ekstra-hepatik.Karena primer tidak
menyerang sel hati maka secara umum tidak disertai dengan gangguan fungsi
hepatoseluler. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran Klinis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambaran klinis
pada kolestasis pada umunya disebabkan karena keadaan-keadaan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terganggunya aliran empedu masuk ke
dalam usus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tinja
akolis/hipokolis, urobilinogen dalam tinja menurun/negative, malabsorbsi lemak
dan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak, hipoprotrombinemia</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akumulasi
empedu dalam darah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikterus, gatal-gatal, hiperkolesterolemia</span></div>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan sel hepar karena menumpuknya komponen
empedu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akumulasi
pigmen</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi
peradangan dan nekrosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsional</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan ekskresi (alkali fosfatase dan
gama glutamil transpeptidase meningkat)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transaminase
serum meningkat (ringan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
ekskresi sulfobromoftalein</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
Fisik</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
umumnya gejala ikterik </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada</span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> neonatus baru akan
terlihat bila kadar bilirubin sekitar 7 mg/dl. Secara klinis mulai terlihat
pada bulan pertama. Warna kehijauan bila kadar bilirubin tinggi karena oksidasi
bilirubin menjadi biliverdin. Jaringan sklera mengandung banyak elastin yang
mempunyai afinitas tinggi terhadap bilirubin, sehingga pemeriksaan sklera lebih
sensitif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dikatakan
pembesaran hati apabila tepi hati lebih dari 3,5 cm dibawah arkus kota pada
garis midklavikula kanan. Pada perabaan hati yang keras, tepi yang tajam dan
permukaan noduler diperkirakan adanya fibrosis atau sirosis. Hati yang teraba
pada epigastrium mencerminkan sirosis atau lobus Riedel (pemanjangan lobus
kanan yang normal). Nyeri tekan pada palpasi hati diperkirakan adanya distensi
kapsul Glisson karena edema. Bila limpa membesar, satu dari beberapa penyebab
seperti hipertensi portal, penyakit storage, atau keganasan harus dicurigai.
Hepatomegali yang besar tanpa pembesaran organ lain dengan gangguan fungsi hati
yang minimal mungkin suatu fibrosis hepar kongenital. Perlu diperiksa adanya
penyakit ginjal polikistik. Asites menandakan adanya peningkatan tekanan vena
portal dan fungsi hati yang memburuk. Pada neonatus dengan infeksi kongenital,
didapatkan bersamaan dengan mikrosefali, korioretinitis, purpura, berat badan
rendah, dan gangguan organ lain (Arief, 2010)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
Diagnostik</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tahap</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pertama dalam pendekatan diagnosa,
harus dibuktikan apakah ada kelainan hepatobilier </span><span lang="ES" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tidak. Pemeriksaan yang perlu
dilakukan pada tahap ini adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hapusan darah tepi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bilirubin dalam air seni</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterkobilinogen dalam air seni</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tes fungsi hepar yang standar:
Heymans vd Bergh, SGOT, SGPT, alkali fosfatase serta serum protein</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ada bukti
keterlibatan hepar maka dilakukan tahap berikutnya untuk membuktikan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelainan
intra/ekstrahepatal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencari
kemungkinan etiologi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengidentifikasi
kelainan yang dapat diperbaiki/diobati</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang dilakukan adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terhadap
infeksi/bahan toksik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terhadap
kemungkinan kelainan metabolik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencari data tentang keadaan saluran empedu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemeriksaan</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terhadap
infeksi yang penting adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus
hepatotropik: HAV, HBV, non A non B, virus delta</span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TORCH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Virus lain: EBV, Coxsackie’s B,
varisela-zoster </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri: </span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terutama bila klinis mencurigakan
infeksi kuman leptospira, abses piogenik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parasit</span></u><u><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Toksoplasma,
amuba, leismania, penyakit hidatid, bahan toksik, terutama obat/makanan
hepatotoksik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
kelainan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">metabolik</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang penting:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Galaktosemia, fruktosemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tirosinosis: asam amino dalam air
seni</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fibrosis kistik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit Wilson</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Defisiensi alfa-1 antitripsin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data tentang
saluran empedu diperoleh melalui pemeriksaan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rose Bengal Excretion (RBE)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hida Scan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">USG</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biopsi hepar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dicurigai</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ada suatu
kelainan saluran empedu dilakukan pemeriksaan kolangiografi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penatalaksanaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengobatan
paling rasional untuk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kolestasis</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah
perbaikan aliran empedu ke dalam usus. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">prinsipnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ada beberapa hal pokok yang menjadi
pedoman dalam penatalaksanaannya, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedapat mungkin mengadakan perbaikan
terhadap adanya gangguan aliran empedu</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengobati
komplikasi yang telah terjadi akibat adanya kolestasis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memantau
sedapat mungkin untuk mencegah kemungkinan terjadinya keadaan fatal yang
dapat mengganggu proses regenerasi hepar</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
usaha-usaha yang dapat mencegah terjadinya gangguan pertumbuhan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedapat
mungkin menghindari segala bahan/keadaan yang dapat mengganggu/merusak
hepar</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam hal ini pengobatan dibagi </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2 golongan besar, yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan
medis</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbaikan aliran empedu: pemberian
fenobarbital dan kolestiramin, ursodioxy cholic acid (UDCA).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek gizi: lemak sebaiknya
diberikan dalam bentuk MCT (<i>medium chain triglyceride</i>) karena
malabsorbsi lemak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diberikan tambahan vitamin larut
lemak (A, D, E, dan K)</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tindakan
bedah</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuannya untuk mengadakan perbaikan langsung terhadap
kelainan saluran empedu yang ada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operasi Kasai </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<i>hepatoportoenterostomy procedure</i>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diperlukan untuk mengalirkan empedu keluar dari hati, dengan
menyambungkan usus halus langsung dari hati untuk menggantikan saluran empedu
(lihat gambar di bawah). </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mencegah terjadinya komplikasi <i>cirrhosis</i>,
prosedur ini dianjurkan untuk dilakukan sesegera mungkin, diupayakan sebelum
anak berumur 90 hari. Perlu diketahui bahwa operasi Kasai bukanlah tatalaksana
definitif dari atresia biliaris, namun setidaknya tindakan ini dapat
memperbaiki prognosis anak dan memperlambat perjalanan menuju kerusakan hati
(Nezer, 2010).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-13994402055199068422012-12-29T06:36:00.002-08:002012-12-29T06:36:31.288-08:00masalah vasektomi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertumbuhan
penduduk yang sangat pesat terjadi di Negara asia, amerika latin dan afrika
yang merupakan Negara miskin. Banyak masalah yang dihadapi sebagai dampak
pertumbuhan penduduk yang tidak terkendali, antara lain semakin meningkatnya
kemiskinan yang akan berdampak terhadap masalah kesehatan. Manusia sadar akan
bahanyanya pertumbuhan penduduk yang tidak terkendali, sehingga gagasan
pelaksanaan keluarga berencana telah dipikirkan (Manuaba,2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah penduduk
dunia mencapai tujuh miliar hingga akhir tahun 2011. Negara Indonesia berada
diurutan ke 4 penduduk terbanyak di dunia setelah cina, hindia dan amerika.
Sensus penduduk Indonesia 2010 menunjukkan jumlah penduduk Indonesia
237.641.326 jiwa. Untuk mengatasi terjadinya ledakan penduduk tersebut maka pemerintah
mencanangkan program keluarga berancana (KB) sejak tahun 1957 (BKKBN,2011)</span></div>
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yang membantu individu atau pasangan suami istri untuk mendapatkan objek-objek
tertentu, menghindarkan kelahiran yang tidak diinginkan, mendapatkan kelahiran
yang memang diinginkan, mengatur interval di antara kehamilan, mengontrol waktu
saat kelahiran dalam hubungan dengan suami isteri, menentukan jumlah anak dalam
keluarga (Hartanto, 2004). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan dari
program KB adalah untuk memenuhi permintaan masyarakat akan pelayanan KB dan
kesehatan reproduksi yang berkualitas, termasuk dalam upaya menurunkan angka
kematian ibu, bayi dan anak serta penanggulangan masalah kesehatan reproduksi
dalam rangka membangun keluarga kecil yang berkualitas (BKKBN, 2005). Salah
satu kegiatan operasional pelayanan KB yaitu dengan memberikan pelayanan
kontrasepsi dan pengayoman peserta KB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
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KB dan kesehatan reproduksi sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan program.
KB yang bisa digunakan oleh pria antara lain kondom, vasektomi dan koitus
intruptus. Salah satu KB yang diperuntukkan untuk pria adalah vasektomi atau
MOP (Metode Operatif Pria). Vasektomi telah dikenal kurang lebih 100 tahun yang
lalu dan merupakan jenis kontrasepsi yang dianggap efektif untuk menghentikan
kesuburan pada laki-laki(Murtiningsih,2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rendahnya keikutsertaan
pria dalam program KB bisa disebabkan oleh beberapa hal yaitu alat kontrasepsi
yang tersedia lebih banyak diperuntukkan bagi perempuan, sehingga pria tidak
memiliki banyak pilihan, kondisi lingkungan sosial masyarakat yang masih kurang
mendukung, serta keterbatasan penerimaan dan aksesibilitas terhadap pelayanan
KB dan kesehatan reproduksi (BKKBN, 2005). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Masih ada
persepsi bahwa pria adalah kepala keluarga, dan yang paling bertanggung jawab
terhadap masalah KB adalah wanita, bukan pria. Pelayanan kesehatan yang kurang
memberikan sosialisasi ke masyarakat sehingga alat kontrasepsi vasektomi kurang
populer karena masyarakat kurang mengetahui manfaatnya. Selain itu masih ada
persepsi bahwa setelah vasektomi akan terjadi penurunan libido membuat para
suami enggan menjadi peserta vasektomi. Selama ini PUS yang berpendidikan
rendah cenderung kurang memahami manfaat ber-KB sehingga tidak merasa perlu
mengikuti program KB (Parwieningrum, 2009). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Berdasarkan
masalah diatas, penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih jauh tingkat pengetahuan </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">dan sikap suami terhadap kontrasepsi
mantap vasektomi di Tlanakan. </span><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-52843889239730857852012-06-06T20:30:00.001-07:002012-12-31T10:22:33.526-08:00Persalinan letak sungsang<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PERSALINAN PADA PRESENTASI SUNGSANG</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ersalinan pada presentasi sungsang :</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan
pervaginam: </span></li>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Frank
Breech</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> : Sendi lutut ekstensi dan sendi paha fleksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Complete
Breech </span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">: (bokong murni-bokong sempurna) sendi lutut dan sendi
paha dalam keadaan fleksi sehingga pada VT teraba bokong & kaki </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Incomplete
Breech</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> : (bokong tak sempurna) letak satu atau kedua kaki
dibawah bokong (presentasi kaki atau footling breech) </span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan
perabdominal: Sectio Caesar</span></li>
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<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indikasi</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Janin besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Janin “viable” dengan gawat janin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -54pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai anak sangat tinggi ( high social value baby )</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan umum ibu buruk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Inpartu tapi dengan kemajuan persalinan yang tidak memuaskan (
partus lama, “secondary arrest“ dsbnya)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panggul sempit atau kelainan bentuk panggul</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hiperekstensi kepala</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
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masih belum inpartu (beberapa ahli mencoba untuk mengakhiri kehamilan dengan
oksitosin drip)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disfungsi uterus (beberapa ahli mencoba untuk mengakhiri
persalinan dengan oksitosin drip)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Presentasi bokong tidak sempurna atau presentasi kaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">k.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Janin sehat preterm pada pasien inpartu dan atau terdapat
indikasi untuk segera mengakhiri kehamilan atau persalinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">l.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pertumbuhan intrauterine berat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">m.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Riwayat obstetri buruk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">n.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operator tidak berpengalaman dalam melakukan pertolongan
persalinan sungsang spontan pervaginam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasien menghendaki untuk dilakukan sterilisasi setelah
persalinan ini.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TEHNIK PERTOLONGAN PERSALINAN SUNGSANG</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MEKANISME PERSALINAN SUNGSANG SPONTAN PER VAGINAM</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
perbedaan dasar antara persalinan pada presentasi sungsang dengan persalinan
pada presentasi belakang kepala. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
presentasi belakang kepala, bila kepala sudah lahir maka sisa tubuh janin akan
mengalami proses persalinan selanjutnya dan umumnya tanpa kesulitan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
presentasi sungsang, lahirnya bokong dan bagian tubuh janin tidak selalu dapat
diikuti dengan persalinan kepala secara spontan. Dengan demikian maka
pertolongan persalinan sungsang pervaginam memerlukan keterampilan khusus dari
penolong persalinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Engagemen
dan desensus bokong terjadi melalui </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">masuknya diameter bitrochanteric bokong
melalui diameter oblique panggul. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panggul
anterior anak umumnya mengalami desensus lebih cepat dibandingkan panggul
posterior.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat
bertemu dengan tahanan jalan lahir terjadi putar paksi dalam sejauh 45<sup>0</sup>
dan diikuti dengan pemutaran panggul anterior kearah arcus pubis sehingga
diameter bi-trochanteric menempati diameter antero-posterior pintu bawah panggul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
putar paksi dalam, desensus bokong terus berlanjut sampai perineum teregang
lebih lanjut oleh bokong dan panggul anterior terlihat pada vulva.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui
gerakan laterofleksi tubuh janin, panggul posterior lahir melalui perineum. Tubuh
anak menjadi lurus ( laterofleksi berakhir ) sehingga panggul anterior lahir
dibawah arcus pubis. Tungkai dan kaki dapat lahir secara spontan atau atas
bantuan penolong persalinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
bokong lahir, terjadi putar paksi luar bokong sehingga punggung berputar
keanterior dan keadaan ini menunjukkan bahwa saat itu diameter bisacromial bahu
sedang melewati diameter oblique pintu atas panggul. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahu
selanjutnya mengalami desensus dan mengalami putar paksi dalam sehingga
diameter bis-acromial berada pada diameter antero-posterior jalan lahir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Segera
setelah bahu, kepala anak yang umumnya dalam keadaan fleksi maksimum masuk
panggul melalui diameter oblique dan kemudian dengan cara yang sama mengalami
putar paksi dalam sehingga bagian tengkuk janin berada dibawah simfisis pubis.
Selanjutnya kepala anak lahir melalui gerakan fleksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Engagemen
bokong dapat terjadi pada diameter tranversal panggul dengan sacrum di anterior
atau posterior. Mekanisme persalinan pada posisi tranversal ini sama dengan
yang sudah diuraikan diatas, perbedaan terletak pada jauhnya putar paksi dalam
( dalam keadaan ini putar paksi dalam berlangsung sejauh 90<sup>0 </sup>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang-kadang
putar paksi dalam terjadi sedemikian rupa sehingga punggung anak berada
dibagian posterior dan pemutaran semacam ini sedapat mungkin dicegah oleh
karena persalinan kepala dengan dagu didepan akan jauh lebih sulit bila
dibandingkan dengan dagu di belakang selain itu dengan arah pemutaran seperti
itu kemungkinan terjadinya hiperekstensi kepala anak juga sangat besar dan ini
akan memberi kemungkinan terjadinya “after coming head” yang amat besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENATALAKSANAAN PERSALINAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama
proses persalinan, resiko ibu dan anak jauh lebih besar dibandingkan persalinan
pervaginam pada presentasi belakang kepala.</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat masuk kamar bersalin perlu dilakukan penilaian secara cepat dan
cermat mengenai : keadaan selaput ketuban, fase persalinan, kondisi janin
serta keadaan umum ibu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan
pengamatan cermat pada DJJ dan kualitas his dan kemajuan persalinan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persiapan
tenaga penolong persalinan – asisten penolong persalinan - dokter anak dan
ahli anaesthesi.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan
spontan pervaginam (spontan Bracht) terdiri dari 3 tahapan :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase lambat pertama: </span></u></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulai dari lahirnya bokong sampai umbilikus (scapula).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebut fase lambat oleh karena tahapan ini tidak perlu
ditangani secara tergesa-gesa mengingat tidak ada bahaya pada ibu dan anak yang
mungkin terjadi.</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase cepat: </span></u></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulai lahirnya umbilikus sampai mulut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada fase ini, kepala janin masuk panggul sehingga
terjadi oklusi pembuluh darah talipusat antara kepala dengan tulang panggul
sehingga sirkulasi uteroplasenta terganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebut fase cepat oleh karena tahapan ini harus
terselesaikan dalam 1 – 2 kali kontraksi uterus (sekitar 8 menit).</span></div>
<ol start="3" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase lambat kedua: </span></u></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulai lahirnya mulut sampai seluruh kepala. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase ini disebut fase lambat oleh karena tahapan ini
tidak boleh dilakukan secara tergesa-gesa untuk menghidari dekompresi kepala
yang terlampau cepat yang dapat menyebabkan perdarahan intrakranial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik
pertolongan sungsang spontan pervaginam (spontan BRACHT )</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertolongan
dimulai setelah bokong nampak di vulva dengan penampang sekitar 5 cm.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suntikkan
5 unit oksitosin i.m dengan tujuan bahwa dengan 1–2 his berikutnya fase
cepat dalam persalinan sungsang spontan pervaginam akan terselesaikan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
menggunakan tangan yang dilapisi oleh kain setengah basah, bokong janin
dipegang sedemikian rupa sehingga kedua ibu jari penolong berada pada
bagian belakang pangkal paha dan empat jari-jari lain berada pada bokong
janin <i>(gambar 1)</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat ibu meneran, dilakukan gerakan mengarahkan punggung anak ke perut ibu
( gerak hiperlordosis )sampai kedua kaki anak lahir .</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
kaki lahir, pegangan dirubah sedemikian rupa sehingga kedua ibu jari
sekarang berada pada lipatan paha bagian belakang dan ke empat jari-jari
berada pada pinggang janin <i>(gambar 2)</i></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
pegangan tersebut, dilakukan gerakan hiperlordosis dilanjutkan ( gerak
mendekatkan bokong anak pada perut ibu ) sedikit kearah kiri atau kearah
kanan sesuai dengan posisi punggung anak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan
hiperlordosis tersebut terus dilakukan sampai akhirnya lahir
mulut-hidung-dahi dan seluruh kepala anak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
saat melahirkan kepala, asisten melakukan tekanan suprasimfisis searah
jalan lahir dengan tujuan untuk mempertahankan posisi fleksi kepala janin </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
anak lahir, perawatan dan pertolongan selanjutnya dilakukan seperti pada
persalinan spontan pervaginam pada presentasi belakang kepala. </span></li>
</ol>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGNOSIS</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prognosis
lebih buruk dibandingkan persalinan pada presentasi belakang kepala.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prognosa
lebih buruk oleh karena:</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkiraan besar anak sulit ditentukan sehingga sulit
diantisipasi terjadinya peristiwa “after coming head”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan ruptura perinei totalis lebih sering
terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebab kematian anak:</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Talipusat
terjepit saat fase cepat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdarahan
intrakranial akibat dekompresi mendadak waktu melahirkan kepala anak pada
fase lambat kedua.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma
collumna vertebralis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prolapsus
talipusat. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EKSTRAKSI PARSIAL PADA PERSALINAN SUNGSANG PERVAGINAM</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari 3 tahapan :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bokong
sampai umbilikus lahir secara spontan (pada frank breech). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan
bahu dan lengan dibantu oleh penolong.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan
kepala dibantu oleh penolong. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan Bahu Dan Lengan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pegangan pada panggul anak sedemikian rupa sehingga ibu jari
penolong berdampingan pada os sacrum dengan kedua jari telunjuk pada krista
iliaka anterior superior ; ibu jari pada sakrum sedangkan jari-jari lain berada
didepan pangkal paha (gambar 3) .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan traksi curam kebawah sampai menemui rintangan
(hambatan) jalan lahir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya bahu dapat dilahirkan dengan menggunakan salah
satu dari cara-cara berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lovset.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip : </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memutar badan janin setengah lingkaran (180<sup>0</sup>)
searah dan berlawanan arah jarum jam sambil melakukan traksi curam kebawah
sehingga bahu yang semula dibelakang akan lahir didepan (dibawah simfsis).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
tersebut dapat terjadi oleh karena :</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya inklinasi panggul (sudut antara pintu atas panggul
dengan sumbu panggul)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya lengkungan jalan lahir dimana dinding sebelah depan
lebih panjang dibanding lengkungan dinding sacrum disebelah belakang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga setiap saat bahu posterior akan berada pada
posisi lebih rendah dibandingkan posisi bahu anterior</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik :</span></u></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan pemutaran 180<sup>0</sup>
sambil melakukan traksi curam kebawah sehingga bahu belakang menjadi bahu depan
dibawah arcus pubis dan dapat dilahirkan </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan
persalinan bahu dengan cara Lovset :</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik sederhana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hampir selalu dapat dikerjakan tanpa melihat posisi lengan
janin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemungkinan infeksi intrauterin minimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasik.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disebut pula sebagai tehnik DEVENTER.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melahirkan lengan belakang dahulu dan kemudian
melahirkan lengan depan dibawah simfisis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dipilih bila bahu tersangkut di pintu atas panggul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip : </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melahirkan lengan
belakang lebih dulu (oleh karena ruangan panggul sebelah belakang/sacrum
relatif lebih luas didepan ruang panggul sebelah depan) dan kemudian melahirkan lengan depan dibawah
arcus pubis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik</span></u></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> :</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><img height="140" src="file:///C:/Users/Adelia/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="229" /></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua pergelangan kaki dipegang dengan ujung jari tangan kanan
penolong berada diantara kedua pergelangan kaki anak , kemudian di elevasi
sejauh mungkin dengan gerakan mendekatkan perut anak pada perut ibu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangan kiri penolong dimasukkan kedalam jalan lahir, jari
tengan dan telunjuk tangan kiri menyelusuri bahu sampai menemukan fosa cubiti
dan kemudian dengan gerakan <i>“mengusap muka</i> <i>janin</i> <i>”</i>, lengan
posterior bawah bagian anak dilahirkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk melahirkan lengan depan, pegangan pada pergelangan kaki
janin diubah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan tangan kanan penolong, pergelangan kaki janin
dipegang dan sambil dilakukan traksi curam bawah melakukan gerakan seolah
“mendekatkan punggung janin pada punggung ibu” dan kemudian lengan depan
dilahirkan dengan cara yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila dengan cara tersebut pada no 3 diatas lengan depan
sulit untuk dilahirkan, maka lengan tersebut diubah menjadi lengan belakang
dengan cara:</span></div>
<ul type="disc"><ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelang bahu dan lengan yang sudah lahir dicekap dengan
kedua tangan penolong sedemikian rupa sehingga kedua ibu jari penolong
terletak dipunggung anak dan sejajar dengan sumbu badan janin ; sedangkan
jari-jari lain didepan dada.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan pemutaran tubuh anak kearah perut dan dada
anak sehingga lengan depan menjadi terletak dibelakang dan dilahirkan
dengan cara yang sudah dijelaskan pada no 2</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Umumnya selalu dapat dikerjakan pada persalinan bahu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerugian</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Masuknya tangan kedalam jalan lahir meningkatkan
resiko infeksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Müller.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melahirkan bahu dan lengan depan lebih dahulu dibawah
simfisis melalui ekstraksi ; disusul melahirkan lengan belakang di belakang (
depan sacrum )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dipilih bila bahu tersangkut di Pintu Bawah Panggul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54pt;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik</span></u></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bokong dipegang dengan pegangan “femuropelvik”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara pegangan tersebut, dilakukan traksi curam bawah
pada tubuh janin sampai bahu depan lahir (<i>gambar 9</i> ) dibawah arcus pubis
dan selanjutnya lengan depan dilahirkan dengan mengait lengan depan bagian
bawah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah bahu dan lengan depan lahir, pergelangan kaki dicekap dengan
tangan kanan dan dilakukan elevasi serta traksi keatas (<i>gambar 10),,</i>
traksi dan elevasi sesuai arah tanda panah) sampai bahu belakang lahir dengan
sendirinya. Bila tidak dapat lahir dengan sendirinya, dilakukan kaitan untuk
melahirkan lengan belakang anak (inset pada <i>gambar 10</i>) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keuntungan penggunaan tehnik ini adalah oleh karena
tangan penolong tidak masuk terlalu jauh kedalam jalan lahir maka resiko
infeksi berkurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melahirkan Lengan Menunjuk.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
dimaksud dengan keadaan ini adalah bila pada persalinan sungsang, salah satu
lengan anak berada dibelakang leher dan menunjuk kesatu arah tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
situasi seperti ini, persalinan bahu tidak dapat terjadi sebelum lengan yang
bersangkutan dirubah menjadi didepan dada.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124820853211013525" name="OLE_LINK3"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila lengan yang menunjuk adalah lengan posterior : (dekat dengan sakrum) </span></a><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubuh
janin dicekap sedemikian rupa sehingga kedua ibu jari penolong berada
dipunggung anak sejajar dengan sumbu tubuh anak dan jari-jari lain didepan
dada.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Badan
anak diputar 180<sup>0 </sup>searah dengan menunjuknya lengan yang
dibelakang leher sehingga lengan tersebut akan menjadi berada didepan dada
(menjadi lengan depan).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya
lengan depan dilahirkan dengan tehnik persalinan bahu cara KLASIK.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila lengan
yang menunjuk adalah lengan anterior : (dekat
dengan sinfisis) maka : Penanganan dilakukan dengan cara yang sama, perbedaan
terletak pada cara memegang tubuh anak dimana pada keadaan ini kedua ibu jari
penolong berada didepan dada sementara jari-jari lain dipunggung janin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">melahirkan lengan menjungkit </span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
dimaksud dengan lengan menjungkit adalah suatu keadaan dimana pada persalinan
sungsang pervaginam lengan anak lurus disamping kepala. Keadaan ini menyulitkan
terjadinya persalinan spontan pervaginam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
terbaik untuk mengatasi keadaan ini adalah melahirkan lengan anak dengan cara
LOVSET</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila terjadi kemacetan bahu dan lengan saat melakukan
pertolongan persalinan sungsang secara spontan (Bracht), lakukan pemeriksaan
lanjut untuk memastikan bahwa kemacetan tersebut tidak disebabkan oleh lengan
yang menjungkit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan Kepala</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">~ After Coming Head</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertolongan
untuk melahirkan kepala pada presentasi sungsang dapat dilakukan dengan
berbagai cara :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124820853211013525" name="OLE_LINK5"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=124820853211013525" name="OLE_LINK6"></a><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Mouriceau</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">( Viet – Smellie)</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
tangan penolong yang sesuai dengan arah menghadapnya muka janin, jari tengah
dimasukkan kedalam mulut janin dan jari telunjuk serta jari manis diletakkan
pada fosa canina.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubuh anak diletakkan diatas lengan anak, seolah anak
“menunggang kuda”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Belakang leher anak dicekap diantara jari telunjuk dan jari
tengah tangan yang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assisten membantu dengan melakukan tekanan pada daerah
suprasimfisis untuk mempertahankan posisi fleksi kepala janin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Traksi curam bawah terutama dilakukan oleh tangan yang dileher.</span></div>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Prague Terbalik</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilakukan
bila occiput dibelakang (dekat dengan sacrum) dan muka janin menghadap
simfisis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Satu tangan
mencekap leher dari sebelah belakang dan punggung anak diletakkan diatas
telapak tangan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangan
penolong lain memegang pergelangan kaki dan kemudian di elevasi keatas sambil
melakukan traksi pada bahu janin sedemikian rupa sehingga perut anak mendekati
perut ibu. Dengan larynx sebagai hypomochlion kepala anak dilahirkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">EKSTRAKSI TOTAL PADA PERSALINAN SUNGSANG PERVAGINAM</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan sungsang pervaginam dimana keseluruhan proses
persalinan anak dikerjakan sepenuhnya oleh penolong persalinan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis ekstraksi total :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstraksi bokong</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan ini dikerjakan pada letak bokong murni dengan bokong yang sudah berada didasar
panggul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tehnik :</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari telunjuk penolong yang sesuai dengan bagian kecil anak
dimasukkan jalan lahir dan diletakkan pada lipat paha depan anak. Dengan jari
tersebut, lipat paha dikait. Untuk memperkuat kaitan tersebut, tangan lain
penolong mencekap pergelangan tangan yang melakukan kaitan dan ikut melakukan
traksi kebawah<i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila dengan traksi tersebut trochanter depan sudah terlihat dibawah arcus pubis, jari telunjuk
tangan lain segera mengait lipat paha belakang dan secara serentak melakukan
traksi lebih lanjut untuk melahirkan bokong <i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah bokong lahir, bokong dipegang dengan pegangan
“femuropelvik” dan janin dilahirkan dengan cara yang sudah dijelaskan pada
ekstraksi bokong parsialis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekstraksi kaki</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah persiapan selesai, tangan penolong yang sesuai dengan
bagian kecil anak dimasukkan secara obstetris kedalam jalan lahir, sedangkan
tangan lain membuka labia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangan yang didalam mencari kaki dengan menyelusuri bokong –
pangkal paha sampai belakang lutut (fosa poplitea) dan kemudian melakukan
fleksi dan abduksi paha janin sehingga sendi lutut menjadi fleksi.<i> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tangan yang diluar (dekat dibagian fundus uteri) mendekatkan
kaki janin untuk mempermudah tindakan mencari kaki janin tersebut diatas <i> </i></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah lutut fleksi, pergelangan kaki anak dipegang diantara
jari ke II dan III dan dituntun keluar dari vagina <i> </i></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm; width: 422pt;" width="563"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><i><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i><span lang="EN-MY" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua tangan penolong memegang betis anak dengan meletakkan
kedua ibu jari dibelakang betis sejajar dengan sumbu panjangnya dan jari-jari
lain didepan tulang kering. Dengan pegangan ini dilakukan traksi curam bawah
pada kaki sampai pangkal paha lahir </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pegangan kini dipindahkan keatas setinggi mungkin dengan kedua
ibu jari dibelakang paha pada sejajar sumbu panjangnya dan jari lain didepan
paha. Dengan pegangan ini pangkal paha ditarik curam bawah sampai trochanter depan lahir <i> </i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian dilakukan traksi curam atas pada pangkal paha untuk
melahirkan trochanter belakang sehingga akhirnya seluruh bokong lahir. <i> </i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: center;">
<i></i><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah bokong lahir, dilakukan pegangan femuropelvik dan
dilakukan traksi curam dan selanjutnya untuk menyelesaikan persalinan bahu dan
lengan serta kepala seperti yang sudah dijelaskan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DIAGNOSIS</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Palpasi dan balotemen</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Leopold I : teraba balotemen kepala di fundus uteri</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vaginal Toucher :</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teraba bokong yang lunak, iregular </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">X-ray</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat membedakan dengan presentasi kepala dan
pemeriksaan ini penting untuk menentukan jenis presentasi sungsang dan jumlah
kehamilan serta adanya kelainan kongenital lain</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultrasonografi:</span></b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan USG yang dilakukan oleh operator
berpengalaman dapat menentukan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Presentasi janin </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah kehamilan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokasi plasenta </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah cairan amnion </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Malformasi jaringan lunak atau tulang janin </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPLIKASI PERSALINAN SUNGSANG PERVAGINAM</span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi ibu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perdarahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma jalan lahir</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komplikasi anak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sufokasi / aspirasi : </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila sebagian besar tubuh janin sudah lahir, terjadi
pengecilan rongga uterus yang menyebabkan gangguan sirkulasi dan menimbulkan
anoksia. Keadaan ini merangsang janin untuk bernafas dalam jalan lahir sehingga
menyebabkan terjadinya aspirasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asfiksia :</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain hal diatas, anoksia juga disebabkan oleh
terjepitnya talipusat pada fase cepat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Trauma intrakranial:</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi sebagai akibat :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Panggul sempit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilatasi servik belum maksimal (after coming head)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persalinan kepala terlalu cepat (fase lambat kedua
terlalu cepat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraktura / dislokasi:</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terjadi akibat persalinan sungsang secara operatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraktura tulang kepala</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraktura humerus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraktura klavikula</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fraktura femur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dislokasi bahu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paralisa nervus brachialis </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang menyebabkan paralisa lengan terjadi akibat tekanan
pada pleksus brachialis oleh jari-jari penolong saat melakukan traksi dan juga
akibat regangan pada leher saat membebaskan lengan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber Bacaan : </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: ACOG committee opinion. Mode
of term singleton breech delivery. Number 265, December 2001. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alarab M, Regan C,O’Connel MP </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">et al: Singleton vaginal
breech delivery at term: still a safe option. Obstet Gynecol 103:407, 2004</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cunningham FG </span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(editorial) : Breech
Presentation and Delivery in <i>“William Obstetrics” </i>22<sup>nd</sup>
ed p 565 - 586, Mc GrawHill Companies, 2005</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jones DL</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : Abnormal Fetal Presentation in Fundamentals of
Obstetric & Gynaecology 7<sup>th</sup> ed Mosby, London1997.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Martohoesodo S, Hariadi</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Distosia karena kelainan
letak serta bentuk janin dalam ILMU KEBIDANAN (ed), 3<sup>rd</sup> ed
Jakarta, YBP-SP,1997</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Myersough,PR</span><span lang="EN-MY" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: MunroKerr’s Operative
Obstetrics,9<sup>th</sup> ed, London, Bailliere Tindal,19</span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-124820853211013525.post-31024412334187339662012-05-20T23:57:00.000-07:002012-05-21T00:04:58.779-07:00DIFTERI<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<br />
PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LATAR BELAKANG</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit Difteri saat ini menjadi momok menakutkan bagi masyarakat. Betapa tidak, sejak Januari hingga sekarang, ada 328 orang yang terkena difteri di Jawa Timur. Sebagian besar adalah anak-anak. Dari jumlah itu, 11 orang meninggal dunia.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit ini memang terdengar masih asing di telinga kita. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengetahui lebih dalam tentang penyakit tersebut, berikut adalah kupasan lengkapnya dari makalah ini. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sangat menular (contagious disease). Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri corynebacterium diphtheria yaitu kuman yang menginfeksi saluran pernafasan, terutama bagian tonsil, Nasofaring (bagian antara hidung dan faring atau tenggorokan) dan laring. Penularan difteri dapat melalui hubungan dekat, udara yang tercemar oleh carier atau penderita yang akan sembuh, juga melalui batuk dan bersin penderita.<br />
Penderita difteri umumnya anak-anak, usia dibawah 15 tahun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak diperkenalkan vaksin DPT (Dyptheria, Pertusis, Tetanus), penyakit difteri jarang dijumpai. Vaksi imunisasi difteri diberikan pada anak-anak untuk meningkatkan system kekebalan tubuh agar tidak terserang penyakit tersebut. Anak-anak yang tidak mendapatkan vaksi difteri akan lebih rentan terhadap penyakit yang menyerang saluran pernafasan ini.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu, menjaga kebersihan diri sangatlah penting, karena berperan dalam menunjang kesehatan kita. Lingkungan buruk merupakan sumber dan penularan penyakit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RUMUSAN MASALAH</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa pengertian penyakit difteri </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enyebab penyakit difteri </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">anifestasi dan penularan penyakit difteri </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengapa penyakit difteri digolongkan dalam KLB </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Epidemiologi</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tentang penyakit difteri</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penyakit difteri</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dasar permasalahan tergolongnya penyakit difteri</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri adalah suatu penyakit infeksi toksik akut yang menular, disebabkan oleh corynebacteri um diphtheriae dengan ditandai pembentukan pseudomembran pada kulit dan atau mukosa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri adalah suatu infeksi demam akut, biasanya ditenggorok dan paling sering pada bulan-bulan dingin pada daerah beriklim sedang. Dengan adanya imunisasi aktif pada masa anak-anak dini. (Merensien kapian Rosenberg, buku pegangan pediatric, Hal. 337)<br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri adalah suatu infeksi, akut yang mudah menular dan yang sering diserang adalah saluran pernafasam bagian atas dengan tanda khas timbulnya “pseudomembran”.(Ngastiyah perawatan anak sakit, edisi 2 Hal. 41)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diferi adalah penyakit akibat terjangkit bakteri yang bersumber dari corynebacterium diphtheriae (c. diphtheriae). Penyakit ini menyerang bagian atas murosasaluran pernafasan dan kulit yang terluka. Tanda-tanda yang dapat dirasakan ialah sakit letak dan demam secara tiba-tiba disertai tumbuhnya membrane kelabu yang menutupi tansil serta bagian saluran pernafasan. (www.podnova.com) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri adalah suatu penyakit bakteri akut terutama menyerang tansil, faring, laring, hidung, adakalanya menyerang selaput lendir atau kulit serta kadang-kadang konjungtiva atau vagina. (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.padnova.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">www.padnova.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ETIOLOGI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyebabnya adalah bakteri corynebacterium diphtheriae. Bakteri ini ditularkan melalui percikan ludah yang dari batuk penderita atau benda maupun makanan yang telah terkontaminasi oleh bakteri. Biasanya bakteri berkembang biak pada atau disekitar permukaan selaput lendir mulut atau tenggorokan dan menyebabkan peradangan beberapa jenis bakteri ini menghasilkan teksik yang sangat kuat, yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada jantung dan otak. Masa inkubasi 1-7 hari (rata-rata 3 hari). Hasil difteria akan mati pada pemanasan suhu 60oc selama 10 menit, tetapi tahan hidup sampai beberapa minggu dalam es, air, susu dan lender yang telah mengering. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MANIFESTASI KLINIS<br />
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tanda dan gejala difteri meliputi, sakit tenggorokan dan suara serak, nyeri saat menelan, pembengkakan kelenjar (kelenjar getah bening membesar) di leher, dan terbentuknya sebuah membran tebal abu-abu menutupi tenggorokan dan amandel, sulit bernapas atau napas cepat, demam, dan menggigil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanda dan gejala biasanya mulai muncul 2-5 hari setelah seseorang menjadi terinfeksi. Orang yang terinfeksi <i>C. Diphtheria </i>seringkali tidak merasakan sesuatu atau tidak ada tanda-tanda dan gejala sama sekali.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang terinfeksi namun tidak menyadarinya dikenal sebagai carier (pembawa) difteri. <span class="nw">Sumber penularan penyakit difteri ini adalah manusia, baik sebagai penderita</span><span class="notranslate"> </span><span class="nw">maupun sebagai</span><span class="ff0"> carier.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe kedua dari difteri dapat mempengaruhi kulit, menyebabkan nyeri kemerahan, dan bengkak yang khas terkait dengan infeksi bakteri kulit lainnya. Sementara itu pada kasus yang jarang, infeksi difteri juga mempengaruhi mata.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENULARAN<br />
</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bakteri <i>C.diphtheriae</i> dapat menyebar melalui tiga rute</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bersin: Ketika orang yang terinfeksi bersin atau batuk, mereka akan melepaskan uap air yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">terkontaminasi dan memungkinkan orang di sekitarnya terpapar bakteri tersebut.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontaminasi barang pribadi: Penularan difteri bisa berasal dari barang-barang pribadi seperti gelas yang belum dicuci.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Barang rumah tangga: Dalam kasus yang jarang, difteri menyebar melalui barang-barang rumah tangga yang biasanya dipakai secara bersamaan, seperti handuk atau mainan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> itu, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">seseorang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> juga dapat terkontaminasi bakteri berbahaya tersebut apabila menyentuh luka orang yang sudah terinfeksi. Orang yang telah terinfeksi bakteri difteri dan belum diobati dapat menginfeksi orang nonimmunized selama enam minggu - bahkan jika mereka tidak menunjukkan gejala apapun.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang-orang yang berada pada risiko tertular difteri meliputi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Anak-anak dan orang dewasa yang tidak mendapatkan imunisasi terbaru</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang hidup dalam kondisi tempat tingal penuh sesak atau tidak sehat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang yang memiliki gangguan sistem kekebalan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapapun yang bepergian ke tempat atau daerah endemik difteri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri jarang terjadi di negara-negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat dan Eropa, karena telah mewajibkan imunisasi pada anak-anak selama beberapa dekade. Namun, difteri masih sering ditemukan pada negara-negara berkembang di mana tingkat imunisasinya masih rendah seperti halnya yang saat ini terjadi di Jawa timur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KLASIFIKASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteria hidung</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejalanya paling ringan dan jarang terdapat (hanya 2%). Mula-mula hanya tampak pilek, tetapi kemudian secret yang keluar tercampur sedikit yang berasal dari pseudomembren. Penyebaran pseudomembran dapat pula mencapai foring dan laring. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteria faring dan tonsil (difteria fausial)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paling sering dijumpai (I 75%). Gejala mungkin ringan. Hanya berupa radang pada selaput pada selaput lendir dan tidak membentuk pseudomembran, dapat sembuh sendiri dan memberikan imunitas pada penderita. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada penyakit yang lebih berat, mulainya seperti radang akut tenggorok dengan suhu yang tidak terlalu tinggi dapat ditemukan pseudomembran yang mula-mula hanya berapa bercak putih keabu-abuan yang cepat meluas ke nasofaring atau ke laring, nafas berbau dan timbul pembengkakan kelenjar regional sehingga leher tampak seperti leher sapi (bull neck)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat terjadi salah menelan dan suara serak serta stridor inspirasi walaupun belum terjadi sumbatan faring. Hal ini disebabkan oleh paresisi palatum mole. Pada pemeriksaan darah dapat terjadi penurunan kadar haemoglobin dan leukositosis, polimorfonukleus, penurunan jumlah eritrosit dan kadar albumin, sedangkan pada urin mungkin dapat ditemukan albuminuria ringan. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diftheria Laring dan trachea</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebih sering sebagai penjalaran difteria faring dan tonsil (3 kali lebih banyak dari pada primer mengenai laring. Gejala gangguan jalan nafas berupa suara serak dan stridor inspirasi jelas dan bila lebih berat dapat timbul sesak nafas hebat. Slanosis dan tampak retraksi suprastemal serta epigastrium. Pembesaran kelenjar regional akan menyebabkan bull neck. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pemeriksaan laring tampak kemerahan sembab, banyak secret dan permukaan ditutupi oleh pseudomembran. Bila anak terlihat sesak dan payah sekali maka harus segera ditolong dengan tindakan trake ostomi sebagai pertolongan pertama. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diftheria Faeraneus</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan keadaan yang sangat jarang sekali terdapat. Tan Eng Tie (1965) mendapatlan 30% infeksi kulit yang diperiksanya megandung kuman diphtheria. Dapat pula timbul di daerah konjungtiva, vagina dan umbilicus.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KOMPLIKASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan pernapasan</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C. Diphtheriae </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat menghasilkan racun yang menginfeksi jaringan di daerah hidung dan tenggorokan. Infeksi tersebut menghasilkan membaran putih keabu-abuan (psedomembrane) terdiri dari membran sel-sel mati, bakteri dan zat lainnya. Membran ini dapat menghambat pernapasan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan jantung</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Toksin (racun) difteri dapat menyebar melalui aliran darah dan merusak jaringan lain dalam tubuh Anda, seperti otot jantung, sehingga menyebabkan komplikasi seperti radang pada otot jantung (miokarditis). Kerusakan jantung akibat miokarditis muncul sebagai kelainan ringan pada elektrokardiogram yang menyebabkan gagal jantung kongestif dan kematian mendadak.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan saraf</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Toksin juga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan saraf khususnya pada tenggorokan, di mana konduksi saraf yang buruk dapat menyebabkan kesulitan menelan. Bahkan saraf pada lengan dan kaki juga bisa meradang yang menyebabkan otot menjadi lemah. Jika racun ini merusak otot-otot kontrol yang digunakan untuk bernapas, maka otot-otot ini dapat menjadi lumpuh. Kalau sudah seperti itu, maka diperlukan alat bantu napas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan pengobatan, kebanyakan orang dengan difteri dapat bertahan dari komplikasi ini, namun pemulihannya akan berjalan lama.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENATALAKSANAAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan Mandiri</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdiri dari : Perawatan yang baik, istirahat mutlak ditempat tidur, isolasi penderita dan pengawasan yang ketat atas kemungkinan timbulnya komplikasi antara lain pemeriksaan EKG tiap minggu.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penatalaksanaan Medis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anti Diphteria Serum (ADS) diberikan sebanyak 20.000 untuk hari selama 2 hari berturut-turut dengan sebelumnya dilakukan uji kulit dan mata bila ternyata penderita peka terhadap serum tersebut, maka harus dilakukan desentitisasi dengan cara besderka</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Antibiotika diberikan penisilan 50.000 untuk kgbb/hari sampai 3 hari bebas panas. Pada penderita yang dilakukan trakeostomi, ditambahkan kloramfenikol 75 mm/kg bb/hari dibagi 4 dosis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kortikosteroid obat ini di maksudkan untuk mencegah timbulnya komplikasi miokarditis yang sangat berbahaya. Dapat diberikan prednison 2 mg/kkbb/hari selama 3 minggu yang kemudian dihentikan secara bertahap. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">H.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENCEGAHAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika Anda telah terpapar orang yang terinfeksi difteri, segeralah pergi ke dokter untuk mendapatkan pemeriksaan dan pengobatan. Dokter mungkin akan memberi Anda resep antibiotik untuk mencegah infeksi penyakit itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di samping juga pemberian vaksin difteri dengan dosis yang lebih banyak. Pemberian antibiotik juga diperlukan bagi mereka yang diketahui sebagai carrier (pembawa) difteri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri adalah penyakit yang umum pada anak-anak. Penyakit ini tidak hanya dapat diobati te</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">api juga dapat dicegah dengan vaksin. Vaksin difteri biasanya dikombinasikan dengan vaksin untuk tetanus dan pertusis, yang dikenal sebagai vaksin difteri, tetanus dan pertusis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Versi terbaru dari vaksin ini dikenal sebagai vaksin DTaP untuk anak-anak dan vaksin Tdap untuk remaja dan dewasa. Pemberian vaksinasi sudah dapat dilakukan saat masih bayi dengan lima tahapan yakni, 2 bulan, 4 bulan, 6 bulan, 12-18 bulan dan 4-6 tahun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vaksin difteri sangat efektif untuk mencegah difteri. Tapi pada beberapa anak mungkin akan mengalami efek samping seperti demam, rewel, mengantuk atau nyeri pasca pemberian vaksin. Pemberian vaksin DTaP pada anak jarang menyebabkan komplikasi serius, seperti reaksi alergi (gatal-gatal atau ruam berkembang hanya dalam beberapa menit pasca injeksi), kejang atau shock. Untuk beberapa anak dengan gangguan otak progresif - tidak dapat menerima vaksin DTaP.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DIFTERI TERGOLONG KLB</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kejadian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> luar biasa (KLB) masih sering terjadi di Indonesia. KLB ini mempunyai makna social dan politik tersendiri oleh karena peristiwanya yang demikian mendadak, mengenai banyak orang dan dapat menimbulkan banyak kematian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit menular yang potensial menimbulkan wabah di Indonesia dicantumkan Permenkes 560/MENKES/PER/VIII/1989 tentang Penyakit potensial wabah seperti kholera, pertusis, pes, rabies, demam kuning, malaria, demam bolak-balik, influenza, tifus bercak, hepatitis, DBD, tifus, campak, meningitis, polio, ensefalitis, difteri, antraks. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian kejadian luar biasa (KLB) adalah timbulnya atau meningkatnya kesakitan/kematian yang bermakna secara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.4shared.com/file/95017546/37fe052a/Istilah_dalam_epidemiologi.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">epidemiologis</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam kurun waktu dan daerah tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Batasan KLB meliputi arti yang luas, yang dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut :<br />
Meliputi semua kejadian penyakit, dapat suatu penyakit infeksi akut kronis ataupun penyakit non infeksi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria Kerja Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> meliputi hal yang sangat luas seperti sampaikan pada bagian sebelumnya, maka untuk mempermudah penetapan diagnosis KLB, pemerintah Indonesia melalui Keputusan Dirjen PPM&PLP No. 451-I/PD.03.04/1999 tentang Pedoman Penyelidikan Epidemiologi dan penanggulangan KLB telah menetapkan criteria kerja KLB yaitu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbulnya suatu penyakit/menular yang sebelumnya tidak ada atau tidak dikenal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kejadian penyakit/kematian terus menerus selama 3 kurun waktu berturut-turut menurut jenis penyakitnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan kejadian/kematian > 2 kali dibandingkan dengan periode sebelumnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah penderita baru dalam satu bulan menunjukkan kenaikan >2 kali bila dibandingkan dengan angka rata-rata per bulan tahun sebelumnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka rata-rata perbulan selama satu tahun menunjukkan kenaikkan > 2 kali dibandingkan angka rata-rata per bulan tahun sebelumnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CFR suatu penyakit dalam satu kurun waktu tertentu menunjukkan kenaikkan 50 % atau lebih dibanding CFR periode sebelumnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proporsional Rate penderita baru dari suatu periode tertentu menunjukkan kenaikkan > 2 kali dibandingkan periode yang sama dan kurun waktu/tahun sebelumnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap peningkatan kasus dari periode sebelumnya (pada daerah endemis)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">i.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat satu/lebih penderita baru dimana pada periode 4 minggu sebelumnya daerah tersebut dinyatakan bebas dari penyakit tersebut</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">j.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa penyakit yang dialami 1 atau lebih penderita :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keracunan makanan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keracunan pestisida</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan tahun 2006 telah terjadi Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) difteri di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya pada kelompok umur 1 – 15 tahun sebanyak 55 anak (15 kasus meninggal, AR = 0,45% dan CFR = 31,91%). Pada Januari 2007 juga telah terjadi KLB difteri di Kabupaten Garut pada kelompok umur kasus 2 – 14 tahun sebanyak 17 anak (2 kasus meningal, CFR = 11,76%, AR = 1,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian difteri pada Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) difteri tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan desain kasus kontrol. Kasus berasal dari 15 desa lokasi KLB difteri sebanyak 72 anak dan kontrol berasal dari 1 desa terpilih secara random yang bukan dari kecamatan lokasi KLB difteri sebanyak 72 anak. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dengan ibu anak pada kelompok kasus maupun kelompok kontrol menggunakan kuesioner untuk mendapatkan data lingkungan rumah, sumber penularan, status imunisasi dan pengetahuan ibu. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan bermakna dengan kejadian difteri adalah kepadatan hunian ruang tidur, kelembaban dalam rumah, jenis lantai rumah, sumber penularan, status imunisasi dan pengetahuan ibu. Disimpulkan bahwa lingkungan rumah, pengetahuan ibu dan sumber penularan bukanlah faktor utama yang mempengaruhi terjadinya difteri, sedangkan yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi kejadian difteri adalah status imunisasi, yaitu risiko terjadinya difteri pada anak dengan status imunisasi DPT/DT yang tidak lengkap 46,403 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan anak dengan status imunisasi yang lengkap. Untuk itu cakupan program imunisasi hendaknya makin ditingkatkan sehingga semua anak terlindungi oleh imunisasi difteri. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Difteri adalah suatu infeksi akut yang disebabkan oleh bakteri penghasil racun corynebacterium diphtheria, dan lebih sering menyerang anak-anak. Bakteri ini biasanya menyerang saluran pernafasan, terutama laring, tonsil, dan faring. Tetapi tidak jarang racun juga menyerang kulit dan bahkan menyebabkan kerusakaan saraf dan juga jantung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada serangan difteri berat akan ditemukan psudomembran, yaitu lapisan selaput yang terdiri dari sel darah putih yang mati, bakteri, dan bahan lainnya, didekat tonsil dan bagian faring yang lain. Membrane ini tidak mudah robek dan bewarna keabu-abuan. Jika membran ini dilepaskan secara paksa maka lapsan lender dibawahnya akan berdarah. Membran inilah penyebab penyempitan saluran udaraaau secara tiba-tiba bias terlepas dan menyumbat saluran udara sehingga anak mengalami kesulitan bernafas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan gejala dan ditemukanya membran inilah diagnosis ditegakkan. Tidak jarang dilakukan pemeriksaan terhadap lendir di faring dan dibuatkan biakan dilaboratorium. Sedangkan untuk melihat kelainan jantung yang terjadi akibat penyakit ini dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan EKG. Penularan difteri dapat melalui kontak langsung seperti berbicara dengan penderita, melalui udara yang tercemar oleh carier atau penderita yang akan sembuh, juga melalui batuk dan bersin penderita.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tetapi sejak diperkenalkan vaksin DPT (Difteri, Pertusis, Tetanus), penyakit difteri jarang dijumpai. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vaksin imunisasi difteri diberikan pada anak-anak untuk meningkatkan system kekebalan tubuh agar tidak terserang penyakit tersebut. Anak-anak yang tidak mendapatkan vaksin akan lebih rentan terhadap penyakit yang menyerang saluran pernafasan ini.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena difteri adalah penyebab kematian pada anak-anak, maka disarankan untuk anak-anak wajib diberikan imunisasi yaitu vaksin DPT yang merupakan wajib pada anak, tetapi kekebalan yang diperoleh hanya selama 10 tahun setelah imunisasi. Sehingga orang dewasa sebaiknya menjalani vaksinasi booster (DT) setiap 10 tahun sekali, dan harus dilakukan pencarian dan kemudian mengobati carier difteri</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Sedangkan bagi petugas kesehatan sebisa mungkin mempertahankan perilaku masyarakat untuk selalu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menjaga kebersihan badan, pakaian, dan lingkungan karena difteri mudah menular dalam lingkungan yang buruk dengan tingkat sanitasi rendah. Dan makanan yang dikonsumsi harus bersih </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> makan makanan 4 sehat 5 sempurna.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.jadilah.com/2012/05/penyakit-difteri.html.%20Online%2012/05/2012"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://www.jadilah.com/2012/05/penyakit-difteri.html</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">. Online 12/05/2012</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://health.kompas.com/read/2011/10/10/17055527/Mengenal.Difteri.Lebih.Dekat.Online%2012/05/2012"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://health.kompas.com/read/2011/10/10/17055527/Mengenal.Difteri.Lebih.Dekat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">.Online 12/05/2012</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://persakmita.blogspot.com/2009/05/konsep-dasar-kejadian-luar-biasa-klb-by.html.Online%2012/05/2012"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://persakmita.blogspot.com/2009/05/konsep-dasar-kejadian-luar-biasa-klb-by.html.</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Online 12/05/2012</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Diphtheria-%28Indonesian%29.aspx"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Diphtheria-%28Indonesian%29.aspx</span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Online 12/05/2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/88705303/f-13693-woc-askep-difteri.%20Online%2012/05/2012"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/88705303/f-13693-woc-askep-difteri. </span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Online 12/05/2012</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Staf pengajar IKA FKUI. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Buku Kuliah Ilmu Kesehatan Anak, </i>2007, Infomedika: Jakarta.</span></div>
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<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04650140299988256313noreply@blogger.com0